Welcome to the latest edition of Briefly Science!

This month, we're delving into the fascinating world of recent academic research, making complex studies accessible and engaging for curious minds.

Discover the impacts of the Covid-19 vaccine on teenage hearts, the intricacies of Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria, and the global influence of diet on type 2 diabetes.

Explore breakthroughs in MDMA therapy for PTSD, the mental health benefits of hobbies for older adults, and much more.

Join us as we uncover the latest scientific advancements that shape our understanding of the world.

1: Behind the Science: The Effects of the Covid-19 Vaccine on Teenage Hearts

Read the full paper: Changes of ECG parameters after BNT162b2 vaccine in the senior high school students

Authors: Shuenn-Nan Chiu, Yih-Sharng Chen, Chia-Chen Hsu, Yu-Chuan Hua, Wei-Chieh Tseng

Published: January 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04786-0

Have you ever wondered what happens to your heart after getting the Covid-19 vaccine? A group of researchers conducted a study to find out how the ECG parameters of high school students changed after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine.

They focused on the second dose and found that around 17% of students reported cardiac symptoms like chest pain and palpitations afterwards. Interestingly, they discovered that certain heart parameters decreased after the vaccine, alongside an increase in heart rate.

Out of nearly 5000 students, only 1% had abnormal ECG readings, with a few cases of mild myocarditis and significant arrhythmias.

Fortunately, all the affected students recovered without needing hospital admission.

The researchers also tested the effectiveness of using serial ECG screenings to detect potential cardiac issues, finding it to be highly accurate.

This study provides valuable insights into the cardiac effects of the Covid-19 vaccine on young people, highlighting the importance of monitoring and screening for any potential risks. So, next time you get vaccinated, you can rest assured that researchers are working hard to ensure your safety and well-being.

2: Understanding Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: Insights from Parents

Read the full paper: Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria: Parent Reports on 1655 Possible Cases

Authors: Suzanna Diaz, J. Michael Bailey

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02576-9

In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in young people expressing gender dysphoria, leading to questions about the causes behind this trend.

One theory gaining attention is Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria (ROGD), which suggests that this increase may be influenced by social factors.

Researchers examined data from a survey of parents who believed their adolescent or young adult children experienced ROGD, focusing on 1655 cases where gender dysphoria started between ages 11 and 21. The majority of these cases were natal females, with natal males showing a later onset and lower rates of social gender transition. It was found that many of these young people had pre-existing mental health issues, and those with such issues were more likely to transition socially and medically.

Additionally, parents reported feeling pressured by clinicians to support their child's gender transition, with negative impacts on the mental health of their children post-transition.

The study calls for a balanced approach to future research by considering data from both supportive and non-supportive parents and their gender dysphoric children. By shedding light on the experiences of these families, we can better understand the complexities of gender dysphoria in young people.

3: Diet's Role in Causing Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective

Read the full paper: Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

Authors: Meghan O’Hearn, Laura Lara-Castor, Frederick Cudhea, Victoria Miller, Julia Reedy

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02278-8

Ever wondered how our food choices impact our health? A group of researchers analysed data from 184 countries to figure out how diet contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). They found that in 2018, about 70% of new T2D cases worldwide were linked to poor dietary habits. The biggest culprits? Not eating enough whole grains, consuming too much refined rice and wheat, and overindulging in processed meats.

These problematic eating habits were more prevalent in certain regions, such as central and eastern Europe, central Asia, and Latin America. Surprisingly, men were more affected than women, and urban dwellers more than rural residents.

The researchers also observed an increase in diet-related T2D cases since 1990, suggesting a global trend towards unhealthy eating.

These findings highlight the need for better nutrition education and public health initiatives to tackle the rising incidence of T2D worldwide.

4: MDMA Therapy for PTSD: A Breakthrough Treatment?

Read the full paper: MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Authors: Jennifer M. Mitchell, Marcela Ot’alora G., Bessel van der Kolk, Scott Shannon, Michael Bogenschutz

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02565-4

Imagine a therapy that could help people with severe emotional trauma. Well, a recent study looked at using MDMA, commonly known as ecstasy, to treat people with moderate to severe PTSD. The researchers wanted to see if MDMA-assisted therapy could reduce symptoms and improve daily functioning in individuals with PTSD.

In this study, participants were randomly assigned to receive either MDMA-assisted therapy or a placebo with therapy. The results showed that those who received MDMA therapy experienced a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to those who received the placebo. The participants also reported improved daily functioning with the MDMA therapy.

It's important to note that the study included a diverse group of participants, reflecting the real-world population with PTSD. While there were some adverse events reported, such as severe treatment emergent events, overall the therapy was well tolerated with no serious complications.

This study suggests that MDMA-assisted therapy could be a promising treatment for individuals struggling with PTSD. The results are encouraging and provide hope for those looking for alternative therapies for their trauma.

The use of MDMA in therapy is still a controversial topic, but this research adds to the growing evidence supporting its potential benefits for mental health.

5: The Impact of Hobbies on Mental Wellbeing in Older Adults Across Different Countries

Read the full paper: Hobby engagement and mental wellbeing among people aged 65 years and older in 16 countries

Authors: Hei Wan Mak, Taiji Noguchi, Jessica K. Bone, Jacques Wels, Qian Gao

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02506-1

As people grow older, they often face social and psychological challenges that can affect their mental health. Many countries suggest that engaging in hobbies can help support and improve mental wellbeing in older adults. However, it is not clear if this holds true across different countries.

In a study involving 16 nations and over 90,000 participants, researchers looked at the relationship between hobbies and mental wellbeing in older adults. They found that having a hobby was linked to lower levels of depressive symptoms and higher levels of self-reported health, happiness, and life satisfaction. Interestingly, the prevalence of hobby engagement varied greatly between countries, with some having much higher rates than others.

The researchers also discovered that factors such as life expectancy and national happiness levels played a role in the strength of these associations.

Overall, the findings suggest that engaging in hobbies may have a positive impact on mental wellbeing in older adults, regardless of where they live.

6: The Hidden Effects of Antidepressants on Our Decision-Making: What You Need to Know

Read the full paper: Chronic escitalopram in healthy volunteers has specific effects on reinforcement sensitivity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled semi-randomised study

Authors: Christelle Langley, Sophia Armand, Qiang Luo, George Savulich, Tina Segerberg

Published: January 23rd, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01523-x

Have you ever wondered how antidepressants like escitalopram might impact your decision-making abilities? Researchers set out to explore the long-term effects of this common antidepressant on cognition, specifically focusing on learning and decision-making.

In a study involving 66 healthy volunteers, some were given escitalopram while others received a placebo. The results showed that those taking escitalopram exhibited lower sensitivity to reinforcement, a key aspect of decision-making, compared to those on a placebo.

This finding sheds light on how serotonin reuptake inhibitors can influence how we make decisions, with potential implications for individuals with conditions like major depressive disorder.

By delving into the cognitive effects of antidepressants, this research provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between medication and cognition. So next time you reach for your antidepressant, consider how it might be impacting more than just your mood.

7: Understanding the Global Impact of Bacterial Infections on Death in 2019

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7

Read the full paper: Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Authors: Mihajlo Jakovljevic

Published: January 22nd, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02185-7

In 2019, global researchers studied the number of deaths caused by bacterial infections, both resistant and susceptible to antibiotics. They found that out of 13.7 million infection-related deaths, 7.7 million were linked to 33 bacterial pathogens.

These pathogens made up 13.6% of all global deaths and were responsible for over half of all sepsis-related deaths. The top five deadliest pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The study showed that the impact of these pathogens varied by location and age, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest mortality rate.

These findings highlight the urgent need for global health intervention to address bacterial infections, including strategies like infection prevention, proper antibiotic use, and vaccine development.

The research sheds light on the importance of prioritizing vaccines and better healthcare practices to combat the significant burden of bacterial infections on global health.

8: Using Machine Learning to Improve Heart Attack Diagnosis

Read the full paper: Machine learning for diagnosis of myocardial infarction using cardiac troponin concentrations

Authors: Dimitrios Doudesis, Kuan Ken Lee, Jasper Boeddinghaus, Anda Bularga, Amy V. Ferry

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02325-4

Heart attacks can be difficult to diagnose, as current guidelines rely on fixed thresholds of a protein called cardiac troponin. However, troponin levels can be affected by various factors such as age, sex, and other health conditions.

Researchers have developed machine learning models that combine troponin levels with clinical information to create a score, known as CoDE-ACS, which indicates the likelihood of a heart attack.

These models were trained on data from over 10,000 patients and validated on another 10,000 patients. The CoDE-ACS score demonstrated excellent accuracy in identifying heart attacks, outperforming the current fixed thresholds. By using the CoDE-ACS score, more patients with low risk of heart attack were identified, leading to fewer unnecessary hospital admissions.

Additionally, patients identified as low risk had lower rates of cardiac death compared to those deemed high risk.

Implementing this machine learning model as a clinical decision support system could have significant benefits for both patients and healthcare providers.

In summary, this research shows that a machine learning-based approach to heart attack diagnosis can improve accuracy and potentially save lives.

9: Unlocking the Mystery of a New Orchid Species in Japan

Read the full paper: Spiranthes hachijoensis (Orchidaceae), a new species within the S. sinensis species complex in Japan, based on morphological, phylogenetic, and ecological evidence

Authors: Kenji Suetsugu, Shun K. Hirota, Hiroshi Hayakawa, Shohei Fujimori, Masayuki Ishibashi

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01448-6

Have you ever wondered how scientists identify new plant species? Researchers in Japan recently discovered a new orchid species called Spiranthes hachijoensis, which belongs to a group of orchids known for their wide distribution and varied appearances.

This new orchid, S. hachijoensis, is similar to other orchid species in the same group, but it has unique characteristics that set it apart. For example, it has smooth stems and flower parts, as well as distinctive markings on its petals.

The researchers used a combination of physical, genetic, and ecological evidence to confirm that S. hachijoensis is indeed a separate species. They also found that this new orchid reproduces differently and blooms earlier than its close relatives.

By studying the DNA of these orchids, the researchers were able to show that S. hachijoensis is genetically distinct from its closest relative.

This study sheds light on the diversity of orchids in Japan and highlights the importance of using multiple methods to identify and classify new plant species.

10: How Meal Timing and Frequency Impact Weight Change Over Time

Read the full paper: Association of Eating and Sleeping Intervals With Weight Change Over Time: The Daily24 Cohort

Authors: Di Zhao, Eliseo Guallar, Thomas B. Woolf, Lindsay Martin, Harold Lehmann

Published: January 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.026484

Ever wondered if when you eat and how often you eat could affect your weight? Well, researchers studied a group of adults over 6 months to see if there was a connection between their meal habits and weight changes. The study involved 547 adults from different healthcare systems who used a mobile app to track their meal and sleep times. The researchers also looked at the participants' weight and health records over the past 10 years.

The results showed that the number of meals consumed each day was linked to weight changes over the 6-year period. Interestingly, the timing of meals (the interval between first and last meal) did not show a significant impact on weight change. For every additional meal consumed daily, there was an average increase in annual weight change of 0.28 kg.

In simple terms, the study suggests that eating more meals throughout the day may lead to greater weight gain over time.

The findings do not support the idea that restricting eating to specific times of the day can help with long-term weight loss for the general population. So, if you're trying to manage your weight, keeping an eye on your meal frequency might be a good place to start.

That’s it for this month.

See you next month.

Welcome to this month’s edition of "Briefly Science," where I distil the essence of recent academic research into digestible, enlightening insights tailored for my growing college student audience.

In this issue, I cover some groundbreaking studies, from the unexpected repercussions of growth hormone treatments to the playful teasing of great apes, the hidden dangers of ultra-processed foods, innovative cancer vaccines, and the evolving landscape of precision oncology.

My mission is to keep you informed and curious, bridging the gap between complex research findings and their relevance to your everyday life.

Enjoy a journey through science that's as informative as it is fascinating.

Estimated read time: 18 minutes.

1: Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s: How Growth Hormone Treatments Could Lead to Dementia

Read the full paper: Iatrogenic Alzheimer’s disease in recipients of cadaveric pituitary-derived growth hormone

Authors: Gargi Banerjee, Simon F. Farmer, Harpreet Hyare, Zane Jaunmuktane, Simon Mead

Published: January 1st, 2024

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02729-2

Imagine receiving a treatment as a child that was meant to help you grow, only to find out years later that it may have exposed you to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. This is the shocking reality faced by recipients of cadaver-derived pituitary growth hormone contaminated with Alzheimer’s-related proteins.

Researchers have discovered cases where individuals who received this hormone later developed dementia symptoms and biomarker changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. This suggests that Alzheimer’s, like other diseases, can have iatrogenic (environmentally acquired) forms. While iatrogenic Alzheimer’s may be rare, it serves as a reminder of the importance of preventing accidental transmissions of disease-causing proteins in medical procedures.

Just like conventional prions, Alzheimer’s-related proteins can exhibit structural diversity, which may complicate treatment strategies that target these assemblies.

While there is no evidence that Alzheimer’s can be transmitted between individuals through normal activities, the existence of iatrogenic Alzheimer’s highlights the need for further research and precautions in medical practices.

2: Understanding Playful Teasing Among Great Apes

Read the full paper: Spontaneous playful teasing in four great ape species

Authors: I. B. Laumer, S. L. Winkler, F. Rossano, E. A. Cartmill

Published: February 14th, 2024

DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2345

Playing around isn't just for humans - great apes like chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos also know how to tease each other in playful ways.

Researchers studied videos of these apes in zoos and found that they often engage in behaviour that is meant to provoke or tease others, while still having fun. This teasing involves grabbing attention, being one-sided, and looking for a response from the other ape. It's not the same as regular play - teasing is more about creating a sense of surprise and bending the rules a bit.

The researchers also discovered that teasing tends to happen in relaxed situations and can take many different forms. Although it may seem simple, teasing actually requires a lot of brain power, like understanding others' thoughts and expectations. This ability to tease playfully likely evolved in our ape ancestors millions of years ago, showing that this kind of behaviour has been around for a long time in the animal kingdom.

3: The Impact of Processed Foods on Your Health: What You Need to Know

Read the full paper: Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses

Authors: Melissa M Lane, Elizabeth Gamage, Shutong Du, Deborah N Ashtree, Amelia J McGuinness

Published: February 28th, 2024

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077310

Have you ever wondered how the food you eat can affect your health? A group of researchers set out to review all the existing studies that looked at how eating ultra-processed foods might be linked to negative health outcomes. They gathered information from multiple sources and found that there is strong evidence suggesting that consuming ultra-processed foods can lead to various health issues. These include an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, anxiety, depression, and even premature death. The researchers found that the more ultra-processed foods people consumed, the higher their risk of these health problems.

Overall, the research highlights the need for public health measures to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods in order to improve overall health outcomes. By understanding the impact of these foods on our health, we can make more informed choices about what we eat and potentially reduce our risk of developing serious health conditions later in life.

4: Unlocking the Potential of a New Vaccine for Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancer

Read the full paper: Lymph-node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: the phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial

Authors: Shubham Pant, Zev A. Wainberg, Colin D. Weekes, Muhammad Furqan, Pashtoon M. Kasi

Published: January 1st, 2024

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02760-3

Pancreatic and colorectal cancers, which are often KRAS mutated, pose a significant challenge due to their resistance to traditional treatments.

Researchers conducted a phase 1 clinical trial to test a novel vaccine that targets the lymph nodes and specifically focuses on mutant KRAS peptides in these cancers. The vaccine, ELI-002 2P, was designed to enhance the immune response by delivering mutant KRAS peptides in combination with an adjuvant called CpG oligonucleotide.

Twenty-five patients with minimal residual mutant KRAS disease were enrolled in the study, and no serious side effects were reported. The researchers determined the optimal dose of the vaccine and observed promising results: a high number of patients showed specific T cell responses to the mutant KRAS peptides, and a majority experienced reductions in tumor biomarkers.

Some patients even had their biomarkers completely cleared. The median time to disease recurrence was also improved compared to standard treatments. These findings suggest that the vaccine has the potential to enhance the body's immune response against mutant KRAS in pancreatic and colorectal cancers, offering hope for more effective treatments in the future.

5: Unravelling Cancer: How Genomic and Clinical Data Are Shaping Precision Oncology

Read the full paper: Insights for precision oncology from the integration of genomic and clinical data of 13,880 tumors from the 100,000 Genomes Cancer Programme

Authors: Alona Sosinsky, John Ambrose, William Cross, Clare Turnbull, Shirley Henderson

Published: January 1st, 2024

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02682-0

Researchers delved into the genetic make-up of 13,880 tumours from a large cancer research programme in the UK. They mixed this genetic information with details about the patients' actual treatments and outcomes. What did they find? Well, they discovered that different types of cancer show different genetic mutations.

For example, in brain tumours, almost all cases had tiny genetic changes, while more than half showed abnormalities in certain genes. On the other hand, a rare type of cancer called sarcoma displayed the most actionable genetic variations. They also found that a significant percentage of ovarian cancer cases had issues with a specific gene. By combining genetic data with real-world patient information, the researchers could analyse how different gene mutations affected patients' chances of survival.

This study sheds light on the impact of genetics on cancer and how this knowledge can help doctors tailor treatments for better outcomes.

6: Can Cycling to Work Help Your Mental Health?

Read the full paper: Does cycle commuting reduce the risk of mental ill-health? An instrumental variable analysis using distance to nearest cycle path

Authors: Laurie Berrie, Zhiqiang Feng, David Rice, Tom Clemens, Lee Williamson

Published: January 15th, 2024

DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad153

The researchers wanted to know if riding a bike to work can help reduce the risk of mental health problems. They looked at data from people in Edinburgh and Glasgow who cycled to work and compared it to those who didn't. By using the distance from home to the nearest cycle path as a way to measure cycling habits, they found that cyclists had a lower likelihood of needing prescriptions for mental health medication.

In fact, the study showed that cycle commuters had a 15% lower chance of needing antidepressants or anxiety medication compared to non-cyclists. This suggests that biking to work may actually play a role in improving mental wellbeing.

The research highlights the benefits of active travel, like cycling, for people who have shorter commutes.

So, next time you're considering how to get to work, hopping on a bike might not only be good for the environment but also for your mental health.

7: Healthy Aging and Protein Intake: What Midlife Choices Mean for Later Years

Read the full paper: Dietary protein intake in midlife in relation to healthy aging – results from the prospective Nurses’ Health Study cohort

Authors: Andres V Ardisson Korat, M Kyla Shea, Paul F Jacques, Paola Sebastiani, Molin Wang

Published: January 17th, 2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.010

As we reach middle age, the decisions we make about our diet can have a lasting impact on our future health.

A team of researchers delved into this topic by studying the dietary protein intake of nearly 50,000 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Their goal was to see how protein intake in midlife relates to healthy aging later on.

Previous studies have shown that protein plays a crucial role in maintaining good health as we age, but this particular study looked specifically at the long-term effects of protein consumption on healthy ageing. By analysing the data, the researchers hope to shed light on the importance of protein intake and its potential influence on aging for women.

This research is not only informative for the academic community, but also serves as a reminder for us all to consider the impact of our dietary choices on our future well-being. It's a simple reminder that what we eat now can shape how we age in the years to come.

8: Can You Reverse Type 2 Diabetes By Losing Weight? A Study in Hong Kong

Read the full paper: 1-year weight change after diabetes diagnosis and long-term incidence and sustainability of remission of type 2 diabetes in real-world settings in Hong Kong: An observational cohort study

Authors: Hongjiang Wu, Aimin Yang, Eric S. H. Lau, Xinge Zhang, Baoqi Fan

Published: January 23rd, 2024

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004327

Have you ever wondered if it's possible to reverse type 2 diabetes just by shedding some pounds?

A group of researchers in Hong Kong wanted to find out. They followed over 37,000 people who were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes to see what happened to those who managed to lose weight within the first year. The study took place in real-world settings, not in a controlled clinical trial, so the results reflect what could actually happen outside of a lab.

The researchers tracked the participants for almost two decades to see if those who lost weight were more likely to achieve and maintain diabetes remission. In simple terms, diabetes remission means that your blood sugar levels are back to normal for a prolonged period of time.

The findings of this study could have important implications for how we approach diabetes management in the real world. If losing weight can lead to diabetes remission for some people, it could offer a promising avenue for tackling this widespread health issue.

So, the next time you hear someone say that losing weight is good for your health, remember that it could also have a significant impact on your diabetes status.

9: How Others' Facial Expressions While Eating Influence Our Food Preferences

Read the full paper: Exposure to models’ negative facial expressions whilst eating a vegetable decreases women’s liking of the modelled vegetable, but not their desire to eat

Authors: Katie L. Edwards, Jason M. Thomas, Suzanne Higgs, Jacqueline Blissett

Published: January 11th, 2024

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252369

Have you ever noticed how watching someone eat can affect your own cravings?

A group of researchers recently looked into how young adult women react to models' facial expressions while eating vegetables. The study found that seeing models make negative faces while eating raw broccoli actually made the women like the broccoli less, but it didn't change their desire to eat it. Interestingly, this negative effect was only seen for the modelled vegetable (broccoli) and not for a non-modelled vegetable (cucumber). This suggests that our food preferences can be influenced by the facial expressions of others.

The research highlights the impact of negative facial expressions on our liking of certain foods. However, more studies are needed to fully understand how this phenomenon can affect our vegetable intake.

So, next time you share a meal with someone, pay attention to their facial expressions - it might just influence what ends up on your plate!

10: The Impact of Handwriting vs. Typewriting on Brain Connectivity: What College Students Need to Know

Read the full paper: Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom

Authors: F. R. (Ruud) Van der Weel, Audrey L. H. Van der Meer

Published: January 26th, 2024

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945

In a world where digital devices dominate, the way we write may have more influence on our brains than we realise.

A group of researchers studied brain activity in university students as they either handwrote or typewrote words. What they found was fascinating - handwriting led to a much more complex pattern of brain connections compared to typing. Specifically, the researchers observed stronger connectivity between key brain regions important for memory and learning when participants wrote by hand. This suggests that the combination of visual and physical feedback from handwriting plays a unique role in enhancing the brain's ability to retain and process information.

The implications of this research are significant, particularly for education. The study suggests that handwriting activities in school could be crucial for establishing the brain connections necessary for optimal learning. However, the researchers also highlight the importance of keeping up with technological advancements. It's essential for both teachers and students to understand when handwriting may be more beneficial than typing, such as when taking notes or writing essays.

Ultimately, the research emphasises the importance of maintaining handwriting practice in educational settings to support effective learning. By being aware of the impact of different writing methods on the brain, college students can make informed choices about how they engage with information both in and out of the classroom.

That’s it for this month.

See you in April.

Welcome to this month's edition of "Briefly Science," your go-to source for the latest and most intriguing academic research findings.

In this issue, we dive into a diverse array of topics, from the calming power of human female tears to the influence of ancient interbreeding on our circadian rhythms.

We unravel the mysteries of infant consciousness and examine the effects of maternal heat stress on birth weight.

Our journey also takes us to the unique traits of reindeer, the impact of B-vitamin and Vitamin D levels during pregnancy, and the fascinating connection between brain function, gut bacteria, and weight loss.

Each article in this newsletter has been meticulously summarised to make complex research papers easily accessible and understandable to our college student audience.

Enjoy your journey through the marvels of science!

Estimated read time: 20 minutes.

1: A Chemical Signal in Human Female Tears: A Natural Defence Against Aggression in Men

Read the full paper: A chemical signal in human female tears lowers aggression in males

Authors: Shani Agron, Claire A. de March, Reut Weissgross, Eva Mishor, Lior Gorodisky

Published: December 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002442

Have you ever wondered why some women's tears have a calming effect on men?

Researchers have discovered that human female tears contain a special chemical signal that can lower aggression in males.

Similar to how rodents use their tears to block male aggression, tears from women have been found to reduce testosterone levels in men. Since reduced testosterone is associated with reduced aggression, the researchers hypothesised that human tears may act in a similar way to prevent aggressive behaviour in men.

To test this hypothesis, the researchers conducted an experiment using a well-established behavioural test. They found that when men sniffed tears from emotional women, without perceiving any odour, their aggression levels dropped by a significant 43.7%. Intrigued by this result, the researchers investigated the underlying mechanisms in the brain.

In vitro experiments were performed on human olfactory receptors, revealing that tears activate four specific receptors in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests that there are specific molecular interactions occurring between the tears and these receptors.

To further investigate the brain's response, the researchers carried out the experiment while simultaneously conducting functional brain imaging. Astonishingly, they discovered that sniffing tears increased the connectivity between the brain regions responsible for the sense of smell and those involved in aggression. This increased connectivity led to an overall decrease in the neural activity associated with aggressive behaviour.

This research seems to indicate that female tears have a remarkable power to reduce male aggression, similar to what occurs in rodents.

These findings suggest that tears might be a natural protective mechanism found in mammals, providing a chemical shield against aggression.

Our understanding of the complex relationship between tears, olfaction, and aggression has broad implications for various fields ranging from psychology to neurobiology.

2: Archaic Interbreeding Influenced Our Body Clock

Read the full paper: Archaic Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits

Authors: Keila Velazquez-Arcelay, Laura L Colbran, Evonne McArthur, Colin M Brand, David C Rinker

Published: December 14th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad203

When our ancient ancestors left Africa and interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans, they incorporated the DNA of these archaic hominins into their own genetic makeup.

This process may have accelerated our adaptation to life in Eurasia, where we faced different environmental conditions, such as less intense sunlight and more seasonal variations. However, we are still unsure if these archaic genetic contributions played a role in shaping our sleep and wake cycle, also known as our chronotype.

To shed light on this, researchers compared the genetic sequences and expression of circadian genes between us and our archaic relatives.

They identified several circadian genes that differed between archaic hominins and modern humans, suggesting that the archaic DNA could affect our circadian gene expression.

Further investigation revealed that some of these archaic genetic variants are associated with differences in our chronotypes.

Surprisingly, the archaic DNA seems to influence us to be more inclined towards morningness, which aligns with adaptations seen in other species living in high latitude regions.

Additionally, the researchers found evidence of genetic variants specific to certain locations, suggesting that natural selection may have favoured certain chronotypes in different geographic regions. This adds to the understanding of how our body clock has evolved in response to the changing environments we have inhabited throughout history.

These findings highlight the role of archaic interbreeding in shaping our circadian biology and provide insights into the genetic basis of our chronotypes.

Understanding how our genes influence our sleep-wake patterns can have practical implications for various aspects of our lives, including shift work schedules and personal sleep preferences.

It also reminds us that our genetic makeup is a mosaic of multiple ancient hominins, contributing to the diversity and uniqueness of the human species.

In conclusion, our body clock is not solely a product of our modern human ancestors. The interbreeding with archaic hominins has left a genetic imprint on our circadian genes, affecting our chronotype and ultimately, our daily rhythms.

3: Consciousness in Infants: Unveiling the Mysterious World of Infant Experience

Read the full paper: Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience

Authors: Tim Bayne, Joel Frohlich, Rhodri Cusack, Julia Moser, Lorina Naci

Published: December 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.018

Understanding how infants experience the world has become a fascinating area of research in the study of consciousness.

Scientists are piecing together evidence from various studies on brain connectivity, attention, sensory integration, and responses to unfamiliar stimuli.

This growing body of research suggests that consciousness is likely to exist in the early stages of infancy, and might even emerge before a baby is born. The findings shed light on what infants might be aware of and how their understanding of the world takes shape.

Some intriguing clues have emerged regarding the content and structure of infant consciousness. Researchers have found that infants possess advanced neural networks that allow different regions of the brain to communicate and coordinate their activities. Moreover, their ability to direct their attention towards specific stimuli and integrate information from multiple senses indicates a level of conscious processing.

Surprisingly, findings also suggest that consciousness could potentially arise even prior to birth, sparking a deep curiosity about the experiences of the unborn child.

As we delve deeper into this fascinating realm, scientists are starting to unravel the mysteries of what infants perceive and recognise.

By studying their responses to unfamiliar or unexpected events, researchers gain insight into the content of their consciousness.

Additionally, the structure of their experiences is beginning to be unravelled, offering clues as to how infants form their understanding of the world around them.

Understanding the early development of consciousness in infants not only illuminates the incredible capabilities of the developing brain but also raises profound questions about the nature of human experience itself.

This research provides a window into the foundations of our conscious awareness and presents us with an opportunity to reflect on our own journey from infancy to adulthood.

By comprehending the emergence of consciousness in its earliest stages, we gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be conscious beings.

4: Critical Periods of Maternal Exposure to Heat Stress and Birth Weight in Western Australia

Read the full paper: Critical Windows of Maternal Exposure to Biothermal Stress and Birth Weight for Gestational Age in Western Australia

Authors: Sylvester Dodzi Nyadanu, Gizachew A. Tessema, Ben Mullins, Kevin Chai, Maayan Yitshak-Sade

Published: December 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1289/EHP12660

Do you know that the temperature your mother was exposed to during pregnancy could affect your birth weight?

A group of researchers in Western Australia studied this intriguing topic and published their findings in a recent research paper. Previous studies have explored the link between the environment and birth weight, but they mainly focused on overall temperature rather than a specific measure known as the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI).

The team of researchers examined over 385,000 term births in Western Australia, spanning from the year 2000 to 2015. They analysed data on maternal exposure to UTCI from 12 weeks before conception until birth. They discovered some fascinating patterns that shed light on critical periods during pregnancy when exposure to extreme biothermal stress could impact birth weight.

Their results showed that high UTCI exposures during late gestational periods had the most significant effect on birth weight. Specifically, the sixth to the tenth month of pregnancy exhibited the highest hazard for both small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age babies. Even exposure throughout the entire pregnancy had an impact, with the second trimester being the riskiest for SGA and the first trimester for LGA.

But here's where it gets more interesting. The researchers also examined the vulnerability of certain groups based on sociodemographic factors. They found that male babies, mothers who were non-Caucasian, smokers, aged 35 or older, and rural residents faced a higher risk of being affected by extreme biothermal stress. This means that these groups need to be more cautious during critical periods of pregnancy to ensure the best possible birth outcomes.

Understanding how environmental factors like heat stress can impact birth weight is crucial for promoting healthier pregnancies. By shedding light on these critical periods of vulnerability, healthcare providers and policymakers can develop strategies to support pregnant women during specific times throughout their pregnancies.

Ultimately, this research contributes to our understanding of how the environment affects human health and highlights the importance of targeted interventions for at-risk populations.

5: Reindeer: Unveiling the Mysteries of their Strange Traits

Read the full paper: Reindeer and the quest for Scottish enlichenment

Authors: Nathaniel J. Dominy, Catherine Hobaiter, Julie M. Harris

Published: December 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1177/20416695231218520

Have you ever wondered what makes reindeer so unique?

These fascinating creatures possess extraordinary features that set them apart from other animals. For instance, reindeer are the only mammals with a special light-reflecting layer in their eyes, known as tapetum lucidum, that changes colours.

Additionally, they are the only ruminants with a diet primarily consisting of lichens, a peculiar type of plant.

Interestingly, the reindeer's eyes also have the ability to process a significant amount of ultraviolet (UV) light, even more than humans! But why would a daytime-dwelling Arctic mammal need such UV sensitivity?

One theory suggests that this exceptional visual capability may enhance their detection of UV-absorbing lichens against the backdrop of UV-reflecting snows, particularly in the extended twilight hours of winter.

To delve into this notion and expand our knowledge of reindeer visual ecology, researchers embarked on a mission to investigate the eating habits of reindeer residing in Scotland's breathtaking Cairngorms National Park. They studied the reflectance patterns of several types of ground-growing and shrubby lichens, which form a vital part of these reindeer's diets.

By uncovering the secrets of reindeer vision and their affinity for lichens, this research contributes to our understanding of these magnificent creatures and their environment.

It sheds light on their unique adaptations and the reasons behind their peculiar traits. Reindeer play an essential ecological role, and by comprehending their visual abilities and dietary preferences, we can better appreciate their impact on the delicate balance of their Arctic habitats.

So, the next time you spot a reindeer, take a moment to marvel at their remarkable qualities. Consider how their eyes, capable of processing UV light, help them forage for lichens in the snowy wilderness.

The mysteries of reindeer are yet to be fully unraveled, but by studying them, we gain valuable insights into the complexities of the natural world.

Let us embrace the enigmatic reindeer and appreciate their contribution to the magic of our planet.

6: Understanding the Impact of B-Vitamin and Vitamin D Levels on Pregnancy and Beyond

Read the full paper: Maternal B-vitamin and vitamin D status before, during, and after pregnancy and the influence of supplementation preconception and during pregnancy: Prespecified secondary analysis of the NiPPeR double-blind randomized controlled trial

Authors: Keith M. Godfrey, Philip Titcombe, Sarah El-Heis, Benjamin B. Albert, Elizabeth Huiwen Tham

Published: December 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004260

Maternal vitamin levels before, during, and after pregnancy play a crucial role in pregnancy outcomes and the development of offspring.

While studies have examined changes in vitamin status during pregnancy, there is a limited understanding of how vitamin levels fluctuate from preconception through pregnancy and postpartum. Additionally, the effectiveness of vitamin supplementation during pregnancy remains uncertain.

In this study, the researchers analysed data from the NiPPeR trial, a randomised controlled trial, to investigate the longitudinal patterns of maternal vitamin status and the influence of supplementation.

The NiPPeR trial involved 1,729 women from the United Kingdom, Singapore, and New Zealand, aged 18 to 38, who were planning to conceive.

The participants were randomly assigned to receive either a standard vitamin supplement (control group) or an enhanced vitamin supplement (intervention group) starting from preconception and continuing throughout pregnancy.

The primary focus of the study was to evaluate glucose tolerance at 28 weeks of gestation, while this secondary analysis focused on the reduction of maternal micronutrient insufficiency in riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and vitamin D before and during pregnancy.

To assess vitamin status, the researchers measured plasma concentrations of B-vitamins, vitamin D, and markers of insufficiency/deficiency at different stages: recruitment, 1 month after starting the intervention preconception, in early and late pregnancy, and postdelivery. They compared the results between the control and intervention groups.

The findings revealed that at recruitment, approximately 30% of participants had marginal or low plasma folate levels, and this proportion decreased significantly by 28 weeks of gestation in the intervention group. However, in the control group, over half of the participants developed low vitamin B6 concentrations in late pregnancy.

Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the longitudinal changes in maternal vitamin status from preconception through pregnancy to post-delivery and the impact of vitamin supplementation.

The results highlight the importance of adequate vitamin levels for a healthy pregnancy and emphasise the potential benefits of targeted supplementation.

These findings can inform healthcare professionals and individuals planning to conceive about the significance of maintaining optimal vitamin status for the well-being of both mother and child.

7: Dynamical Changes in Brain and Gut Bacteria During Weight Loss: A Fascinating Connection

Read the full paper: Dynamical alterations of brain function and gut microbiome in weight loss

Authors: Jing Zhou, Xiaoling Wu, Tianyuan Xiang, Fei Liu, Hui Gao

Published: December 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269548

Losing weight has always been a challenge, but recent research sheds light on a new theory linking brain function and gut bacteria to successful weight loss.

Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is a popular weight loss strategy, but little is known about how it affects the intricate interplay between our brain, gut, and microbiome.

In this study, researchers investigated the effects of IER on 25 obese individuals who successfully lost weight over a two-month period. They used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain activity and metagenomic sequencing to examine different microbial species in fecal samples.

The research findings were captivating.

As the participants underwent IER, specific brain regions associated with obesity showed a consistent reduction in activity over time. These regions included the inferior frontal orbital gyrus, involved in cognitive control, the putamen, related to emotions and learning, and the anterior cingulate cortex, involved in sensory processing.

Furthermore, the researchers observed an intriguing dynamic alteration in the gut bacteria composition.

Throughout the weight loss journey, the abundance of E. coli, a common gut bacterium, decreased, while the levels of obesity-related microbes such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Parabacteroides distasonis, and Bacterokles uniformis increased.

The researchers went a step further and discovered a remarkable correlation between changes in gut bacteria and alterations in brain activity. This suggests a close interaction between specific gut bacteria and the brain, indicating that communication between these two integral systems influences weight loss progress.

Understanding this intricate connection between the brain, gut bacteria, and weight loss could potentially offer beneficial insights into developing more effective weight loss strategies. By targeting specific gut microbes associated with obesity and modulating brain activation in related regions, future interventions may enhance weight loss efforts.

This research opens the door to exciting possibilities for individuals struggling with excess weight. By recognising and harnessing the relationships between our brains, gut bacteria, and weight loss, we can embark on a journey towards a healthier and happier life.

8: The Impact of Doctor Who on Public Health: A Festive Study

Read the full paper: Effect of a doctor working during the festive period on population health: natural experiment using 60 years of Doctor Who episodes (the TARDIS study)

Authors: Richard D Riley

Published: December 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-077143

Do you believe in the power of fictional doctors?

Well, it seems like Doctor Who might just have a positive effect on population health during the festive period.

A group of researchers took on the mission to investigate this intriguing phenomenon using a unique natural experiment. They examined 60 years of Doctor Who episodes to see if the fictional doctor's adventures had any influence on mortality rates in England, Wales, and the UK.

The team carefully analysed the annual mortality rates from 1963, the year Doctor Who first hit the small screen. They used a sophisticated time series analysis method, considering various factors that could impact mortality rates. In particular, they focused on the episodes broadcast during the previous festive period, from 24 December to 1 January, when many people gather around the TV with loved ones.

Surprisingly, the researchers discovered a fascinating association between the airing of Doctor Who episodes during the festive period and decreased mortality rates. The impact was especially notable when episodes premiered on Christmas Day.

In England and Wales, these Christmas episodes were linked to 0.60 fewer deaths per 1000 person years, while the UK as a whole experienced 0.40 fewer deaths per 1000 person years. The researchers also observed a significant reduction in mortality rates starting from 2005, when Doctor Who became an annual Christmas tradition.

These findings suggest that the presence of the heroic Doctor during the festive season might just have a real-life impact on our health. It serves as a reminder that access to healthcare should never be taken for granted, even if it comes from a fictional character.

Considering the potential influence of Doctor Who on public health, the researchers propose that the BBC and Disney+ seriously consider broadcasting new episodes every festive period, ideally on Christmas Day.

So, next time you gather with family and friends on December 25th to watch the Doctor save the day, appreciate the possibility that this festive tradition may actually be making a positive difference in our lives.

9: Why Some People on a Low-Carb Diet Have Different Cholesterol Levels: New Findings

Read the full paper: Thyroid markers and body composition predict LDL-cholesterol change in lean healthy women on a ketogenic diet: experimental support for the lipid energy model

Authors: Isabella D. Cooper, Claudio Sanchez-Pizarro, Nicholas G. Norwitz, David Feldman, Yvoni Kyriakidou

Published: December 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1326768

Ever wondered why some people on a low-carb diet experience changes in their cholesterol levels while others don't?

Well, researchers may have cracked the code. In a recent study, scientists investigated the factors that influence LDL-cholesterol changes in lean and healthy women following a ketogenic diet.

It turns out that body composition and markers of energy metabolism play a significant role in predicting these cholesterol changes. The study involved ten premenopausal women who had been following a low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diet for at least six months.

The researchers conducted a three-phase study, where the participants went through periods of continued nutritional ketosis, reintroduction of carbohydrates to suppress ketosis, and then a return to nutritional ketosis. Each phase lasted for 21 days.

The results showed that certain factors influenced the changes in LDL-cholesterol levels. Interestingly, body composition metrics, such as the amount of lean muscle mass and fat mass, along with markers of thyroid hormone levels, were closely linked to LDL-cholesterol changes. Surprisingly, saturated fat intake, insulin resistance, and other hormone markers did not show a significant association.

The findings suggest that lean individuals following a low-carb diet may experience changes in LDL-cholesterol levels due to alterations in body composition and energy metabolism, not solely due to their consumption of saturated fats. This aligns with the lipid energy model, which suggests that carbohydrate restriction leads to an increase in systemic lipid trafficking to meet the body's energy needs.

Understanding the factors that influence cholesterol changes in individuals on a low-carb diet is crucial for providing tailored dietary recommendations and managing the potential health risks associated with such changes.

Further research in larger and more diverse populations is needed to confirm these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.

So, if you're considering adopting a low-carb diet and want to understand how it might impact your cholesterol levels, remember that factors like your body composition and energy metabolism could potentially play a role. As always, it's essential to consult with healthcare professionals before making any significant dietary changes.

Stay curious, keep questioning, and continue exploring the fascinating realm of science. Until next time, happy reading!

Claudia.

Welcome to this month's edition of "Briefly Science," your go-to newsletter for the latest and most intriguing scientific discoveries.

In this issue, I explore a diverse range of topics, from the life-enhancing power of social connections to the strategic territorial manoeuvers of chimpanzees.

I delve into groundbreaking medical research, examining novel techniques in cancer diagnosis and the impact of insecticides on male fertility, the molecular basis of neurodegenerative diseases, and the potential benefits of plant-based diets on our health.

We’ll also look at the fascinating world of the Vanugu Giant Rat, the intricacies of the brain's fear circuitry, and the vital role of blood cells in brain health.

Finally, we explore innovative solutions in space technology, particularly how vibrotactile feedback can help astronauts maintain spatial orientation.

Whether you're a curious student or a seasoned academic, get ready to expand your horizons with these compelling scientific findings.

Read time: approximately 15 minutes.

1: The Impact of Social Connection on Mortality Rates: Insights from UK Biobank

Read the full paper: Social connection and mortality in UK Biobank: a prospective cohort analysis

Authors: Hamish M. E. Foster, Jason M. R. Gill, Frances S. Mair, Carlos A. Celis-Morales, Bhautesh D. Jani

Published: November 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03055-7

We often intuitively understand that social connections play a vital role in our overall well-being, but what does the research say?

A group of researchers, using data from the UK Biobank, embarked on a study to uncover the relationship between social connection and mortality rates. In this comprehensive analysis, the researchers explored both the individual and combined effects of different aspects of social connection on mortality.

To delve into this topic, the researchers examined data from a staggering 458,146 participants who were closely monitored for over a decade.

They focused on two functional factors of social connection: the frequency of being able to confide in someone close and the experience of loneliness.

Additionally, they considered three structural components: the frequency of visits from friends and family, engagement in group activities on a weekly basis, and living alone.

Unveiling the results, the researchers discovered that all measures of social connection had a significant impact on mortality outcomes. More specifically, they found that individuals who reported a lower frequency of being able to confide in someone close, felt lonely more often, had infrequent visits from friends and family, participated in group activities less frequently, or lived alone were at a higher risk of both all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease-related mortality.

This research offers valuable insights into the importance of nurturing social connections. It highlights that having a reliable support system and actively engaging with others have a protective effect on mortality rates.

These findings resonate with our everyday experiences and emphasize the significance of cultivating meaningful relationships.

As we navigate life's journey, we should prioritize building healthy social connections.

By nurturing relationships, confiding in someone close to us, and actively participating in group activities, we can enhance our overall well-being and potentially reduce the risk of premature mortality.

In conclusion, this groundbreaking research sheds light on the connection between social interaction and mortality rates. It underscores the need to value and foster social connections, as they can have a profound impact on our longevity and quality of life.

2: Chimpanzees' Clever Use of High Ground in Battle for Territory

Read the full paper: Chimpanzees make tactical use of high elevation in territorial contexts

Authors: Sylvain R. T. Lemoine, Liran Samuni, Catherine Crockford, Roman M. Wittig

Published: November 2nd, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002350

Throughout history, humans have shown strategic thinking during warfare. One fascinating tactic involves using elevated areas to gain an advantage in territorial conflicts. These high points allow humans to detect enemies early and make safe strategic moves based on collected information. What has remained uncertain, however, is whether our closest animal relatives, chimpanzees, also use such clever tactics. Researchers conducted an in-depth study over three years on two neighbouring groups of western chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. They aimed to uncover whether chimpanzees make decisions that are consistent with the tactical use of elevated terrain to outsmart their rivals.

Their findings shed light on the tactical brilliance of these primates. When travelling towards the location of conflict, the chimpanzees were more likely to choose higher hills as their route. Once on these elevated hills, the chimpanzees engaged in behaviours that allowed them to gather crucial information about their rivals. Interestingly, when leaving the hills, the chimpanzees carefully selected their path to minimise potential risks, indicating that higher ground assists in detecting the presence or absence of rivals.

These discoveries support the idea that elevation plays a significant role in chimpanzees' information gathering and tactical decision-making. By utilising the landscape in territorial maneuvers, chimpanzees seek out valuable information that influences their behaviour. This suggests that these intelligent creatures possess sophisticated cognitive abilities, similar to species that benefit from coordinated territorial defense. The researchers propose that studying territorial contexts is essential in unravelling the complexities of animal cognition.

This study not only highlights the fascinating behaviour of chimpanzees but also resonates with our own experiences. It serves as a reminder that strategic thinking and using available resources to gain an upper hand have been an inherent part of our evolutionary history. By unravelling the intricate tactics of chimpanzees, scientists bring us closer to understanding the complex nature of cognition in our closest relatives.

3: A CT-Based Imaging Model to Predict Tumour Type and Grade in Abdominal Cancer: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment

Read the full paper: A CT-based radiomics classification model for the prediction of histological type and tumour grade in retroperitoneal sarcoma (RADSARC-R): a retrospective multicohort analysis

Authors: Amani Arthur, Matthew R Orton, Robby Emsley, Sharon Vit, Christian Kelly-Morland

Published: November 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00462-X

Abdominal cancer is a serious disease with a poor prognosis, especially when it comes to tumours located in the retroperitoneal area. These tumours are challenging to characterise accurately upfront, often leading to errors in grading. However, researchers have come up with an innovative approach called radiomics, which allows them to analyse the characteristics of these tumours non-invasively using CT scans.

In this study, the researchers aimed to develop and validate a CT-based radiomics model to predict both the histological type and grade of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. They gathered data from a group of patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London, UK, and from another cohort in the STRASS study, which evaluated neoadjuvant radiotherapy in retroperitoneal sarcoma. Patients aged 18 and above with confirmed primary leiomyosarcoma or liposarcoma, who were undergoing surgical resection and had available contrast-enhanced CT scans, were included in the study.

Using the collected data, the researchers developed a workflow to analyse the CT images, including manual delineation, sub-segmentation, feature extraction, and building predictive models. They created separate probability-based classifiers for predicting the histological type and distinguishing between low and intermediate/high-grade tumours. These models were then tested and validated independently.

The study included 170 patients in the discovery cohort and 89 patients in the validation cohort. The researchers found that their radiomics model accurately predicted the histological type and grade of retroperitoneal sarcomas. The highest-performing model achieved an excellent level of accuracy, with an area under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) of 0.928 for predicting histological type and an AUROC of 0.882 for predicting tumour grade.

This validated radiomics model has significant implications for improving the diagnosis and risk assessment of retroperitoneal sarcomas. By providing a more precise and non-invasive way to determine the type and grade of the tumours, it can aid clinicians in making informed treatment decisions, potentially leading to improved outcomes for patients.

The research was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group, National Institutes for Health, and National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research.

4: Are insecticides harming men's fertility? A review of the evidence

Read the full paper: Adult Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticide Exposure and Sperm Concentration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiological Evidence

Authors: Lauren B. Ellis, Karen Molina, C. Rebecca Robbins, Marlaina Freisthler, Daria Sgargi

Published: November 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1289/EHP12678

Have you ever wondered about the impact of insecticides on male fertility? Well, a group of researchers has conducted a comprehensive study to shed light on this important issue. In recent years, concerns have grown about the potential negative effects of certain insecticides on sperm concentration. However, there have been very few reviews or analyses on this topic so far.

The researchers set out to fill this gap by carefully examining the available evidence from a wide range of studies. They focused on two types of insecticides commonly used today: organophosphates (OPs) and N-methyl carbamates (NMCs). By using rigorous systematic review and meta-analysis methods, they evaluated the strength of the evidence regarding the impact of adult exposure to these insecticides on sperm concentration.

To gather their findings, the researchers searched multiple databases, including scientific ones like PubMed and Scopus, as well as government and non-governmental organization websites. They considered all primary epidemiological studies published in any language up until August 11, 2022.

After analysing data from 20 studies encompassing 1,774 adult men, the researchers found a consistent pattern. They observed that men exposed to OP and NMC insecticides generally had lower sperm concentrations compared to those less exposed. The impact was quantified as a decrease of 0.30 in standardized mean difference.

This study provides a valuable contribution to our understanding of the potential risks associated with insecticide exposure and male fertility. It highlights the need for further investigation and suggests that precautionary measures should be considered to protect men's reproductive health.

So, whether you are concerned about the impact of insecticides on your own fertility or simply want to stay informed about the latest scientific research, this study offers a comprehensive overview. By examining the evidence, the researchers encourage ongoing dialogue and a cautious approach when it comes to the use of insecticides in our environment.

5: Understanding the Molecular Basis of Polyglutamine Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Read the full paper: Pathologic polyglutamine aggregation begins with a self-poisoning polymer crystal

Authors: Tej Kandola, Shriram Venkatesan, Jiahui Zhang, Brooklyn T Lerbakken, Alex Von Schulze

Published: November 3rd, 2023

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.86939

For years, scientists have aimed to unravel the underlying structure that triggers the formation of toxic protein clumps called amyloids. However, the fleeting nature of this process has hindered progress. In this study, researchers sought to overcome this obstacle in the context of polyglutamine (polyQ), a sequence of amino acids found in Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with amyloid formation.

To identify the key elements of the polyQ amyloid nucleus, the researchers employed a method that directly measures self-association within cells. By examining the frequency of amyloid appearance under varying conditions, they discovered that the initial step in the pathological aggregation of expanded polyQ involves segments of three glutamine (Q) residues at alternating positions. Through molecular simulations, the researchers unveiled that this pattern gives rise to a four-stranded structure resembling a zipper, with interlocking Q side chains. Interestingly, once formed, this zipper hinders its own growth by interacting with unsuspecting protein molecules from different angles—a phenomenon akin to how crystals form within polymers. The researchers also demonstrated that preventing amyloid formation is possible by genetically linking together polyQ molecules prior to the nucleation process.

By illuminating the physical mechanism that limits the rate of polyQ aggregation within cells, these findings shed light on the molecular causes of polyQ-related diseases.

6: Substituting Animal-Based Foods with Plant-Based Foods: A Key to Better Health

Read the full paper: Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

Authors: Manuela Neuenschwander, Julia Stadelmaier, Julian Eble, Kathrin Grummich, Edyta Szczerba

Published: November 16th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03093-1

Have you ever wondered how the food you eat affects your health? Well, there's some interesting research on this topic. A group of researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of previous studies to find out if replacing animal-based foods with plant-based alternatives can improve our health and reduce the risk of diseases.

They looked at a variety of health outcomes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and even all-cause mortality. The researchers analysed data from 24 different cohorts, covering a total of 37 publications.

So, what did they find? Well, replacing processed meat with nuts, legumes, and whole grains was associated with a lower risk of CVD. Similarly, substituting eggs with nuts and butter with olive oil also showed positive effects on cardiovascular health.

When it comes to T2D, the researchers found that replacing red meat or processed meat with whole grains or nuts was beneficial. They also noted that replacing poultry with whole grains and eggs with nuts or whole grains can have a positive impact on reducing T2D risk.

But the benefits of plant-based foods didn't stop there. The research also showed that swapping red meat, processed meat, dairy, eggs, and butter with nuts, legumes, whole grains, and olive oil was associated with reduced all-cause mortality.

In conclusion, this study suggests that shifting from animal-based foods like meat, eggs, and dairy to plant-based alternatives like nuts, legumes, and whole grains is linked to better heart health and a lower risk of mortality.

So, next time you make a meal choice, consider adding more plant-based foods to your plate. It might just help you lead a healthier life!

7: Morphological Changes in the Fear Circuitry: The Impact of Sex Hormones and Oral Contraceptives

Read the full paper: Morphologic alterations of the fear circuitry: the role of sex hormones and oral contraceptives

Authors: Alexandra Brouillard, Lisa-Marie Davignon, Anne-Marie Turcotte, Marie-France Marin

Published: November 7th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1228504

Gender differences in the brain are influenced by sex hormones and oral contraceptives (OCs), which in turn affect fear processing. This study examined both current and lasting effects of OC use, as well as the interaction between current hormonal levels and past OC use on the brain regions involved in the fear circuitry. The influence of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones on this network was also explored.

Researchers recruited healthy adults aged 23-35, comprising women currently using OCs (n=62), women who had previously used OCs (n=37), women who had never used hormonal contraceptives (n=40), and men (n=41). Salivary samples were collected to measure endogenous sex hormones and ethinyl estradiol (EE) levels in current OC users, using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to analyze gray matter volumes (GMVs) and cortical thickness (CT) of specific regions in the fear circuitry. Additional analyses were conducted to explore brain morphology using whole-brain approaches.

Findings revealed that all groups of women exhibited a larger GMV in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex compared to men. Only current OC users, however, showed a thinner ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Women who had never used hormonal contraceptives had a thicker right anterior insular cortex compared to past users, regardless of menstrual cycle phase. The influence of endogenous sex hormones on these differences remains unclear, but lower doses of EE in current users were associated with smaller cortical GMVs, indicating that EE dosage has a greater impact on brain anatomy than salivary EE levels and progestin androgenicity.

The results emphasise a gender difference in the GMV of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region associated with fear, as well as a decrease in CT of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which regulates fear, specifically in current OC users with lower EE doses. These findings suggest structural vulnerabilities to anxiety and stress-related disorders. Although durable anatomical effects were scarce, indicating that OC intake potentially reversibly affects fear-related brain morphology.

8: The Vanugu Giant Rat: A Rare Rodent Surviving in the Solomon Islands

Read the full paper: Vangunu giant rat ( Uromys vika ) survives in the Zaira Community Resource Management Area, Solomon Islands

Authors: Tyrone H. Lavery, Adrian Holland, Nixon Jino, Atuna Judge, Hikuna Judge

Published: November 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10703

The Vanugu Giant Rat (Uromys vika) is a captivating creature that remains one of the most enigmatic rodents on the planet. With limited research available, this critically endangered species faces a grave threat from the destruction of its primary rainforest habitat on Vangunu, the sole island where it resides in the Solomon Islands. However, the indigenous people of Vangunu hold a deep understanding of U. vika's ecology. By utilising their traditional ecological knowledge and employing camera traps, researchers ventured into the last untouched expanse of Vangunu's primary forest to gather further evidence of the elusive rat's existence.

Astoundingly, the camera traps captured 95 images, potentially depicting four distinct individuals of U. vika. These findings highlight the significance of the Zaira Community Resource Management Area, as it now stands as the final refuge for this extraordinary species. Regrettably, recent authorization for logging activities in the Zaira region could spell catastrophic consequences for the survival of U. vika if allowed to proceed without intervention.

The fate of the Vanugu Giant Rat illustrates a larger predicament faced by countless endangered species worldwide. As humans continue to exploit natural resources for economic gain, we imperil the delicate balance of ecosystems. The tale of U. vika serves as a poignant reminder of the vital role that intact forests play in safeguarding our planet's biodiversity.

If we are to prevent the extinction of remarkable creatures like the Vanugu Giant Rat, we must recognise the urgent need for sustainable land management practices. Only through responsible stewardship and the preservation of untouched habitats can we ensure the survival of these unique species for future generations to marvel at and appreciate. The struggle to protect the Vanugu Giant Rat serves as a clarion call for action, inspiring us to conserve our planet's remarkable diversity of life before it is too late.

9: The Impact of Blood Cells on Brain Health: Understanding the Role of Microhemorrhages

Read the full paper: Erythrocyte–brain endothelial interactions induce microglial responses and cerebral microhemorrhages in vivo

Authors: Hai Zhang, Rachita K. Sumbria, Rudy Chang, Jiahong Sun, David H. Cribbs

Published: November 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02932-5

Cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are small bleeds in the brain that can have serious consequences for our health, including strokes, cognitive decline, and normal aging. Previous research has suggested that the interaction between damaged red blood cells (RBC) and the blood vessels in the brain may play a key role in the development of these microhemorrhages. However, until now, we lacked a real-time understanding of how these interactions occur in the brain, how they are connected to blood cell clearance, microglial responses (the brain's immune cells), and the development of CMH.

To shed light on this issue, a team of researchers carried out a study using a special imaging technique in live mice. They artificially stressed red blood cells and injected them into these mice, allowing them to observe the interactions between these damaged cells and the blood vessels of the brain. The researchers found that the stressed blood cells became stuck in the vessels, slowing down the blood flow. However, after five days, the blood flow returned to normal, indicating that the vessels were able to clear the damaged cells efficiently.

Post-mortem examinations of the mice's brain tissue confirmed that these interactions between stressed blood cells and the blood vessels triggered a response from the brain's immune cells, known as microglia, leading to their activation. Importantly, the researchers also discovered that CMH could occur without any leakage from the blood vessels into the brain.

Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development of CMH and its association with increased interactions between damaged blood cells and the blood vessels in the brain. By understanding these mechanisms, we can better grasp the impact of blood cell health on our brain's well-being. This research opens up new avenues for investigating the link between CMH and various health conditions and may ultimately contribute to the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies.

10: Vibrotactile Feedback: A Solution for Feeling Lost in Space

Read the full paper: Vibrotactile feedback as a countermeasure for spatial disorientation

Authors: Vivekanand Pandey Vimal, Alexander Sacha Panic, James R. Lackner, Paul DiZio

Published: November 3rd, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1249962

Have you ever wondered how astronauts manage to stay oriented in space? Well, researchers have been investigating a potential solution to this problem: vibrotactile feedback. Spatial disorientation, a major cause of fatal aircraft accidents, can also affect astronauts during spaceflight. In this study, blindfolded participants were tasked with balancing themselves on a joystick while inside a rotating device that mimicked the movements experienced in space.

On the first day of the experiment, participants had a good sense of their orientation in the Earth analog condition, thanks to gravitational cues. However, on the second day, in the spaceflight analog condition, participants couldn't rely on gravity and quickly became disoriented, leading to poor performance and minimal learning.

To counter this disorientation, the researchers explored the use of vibrotactile feedback. This involved providing participants with small vibrating devices placed on their skin, which conveyed their body orientation. One group received orientation-dependent vibrotactile feedback in the spaceflight condition, which improved their performance. Interestingly, these participants reported a conflict between the accurate vibrotactile cues and their distorted perception of orientation.

Another group received specialized vibrotactile training on Day 1. In this training, participants had to align themselves with randomized non-vertical directions of balance signaled by vibrotactile cues, moving away from their reliance on the natural gravitational vertical. This group showed significantly better learning and performance in the spaceflight analog task with the vibrotactile cueing.

Crucially, the researchers discovered that after appropriate training, the vibrotactile orientation feedback actually enhanced dynamic spatial orientation in the participants without leading to any negative dependence. To confirm this, on the final day of the experiment, the researchers deactivated the vibrotactile feedback for all groups. Surprisingly, the groups who had practiced with the vibrotactile feedback performed just as well as the group who hadn't received any feedback.

In conclusion, this research suggests that vibrotactile feedback, when used appropriately and with the right training, can improve spatial orientation in challenging conditions like spaceflight. However, it's important to understand the potential conflicts that can arise between vibrotactile cues and our own perceptual biases. Further exploration of these findings could ultimately benefit the safety and performance of astronauts and help us unlock the mysteries of space.

Stay curious, keep questioning, and continue exploring the fascinating realm of science. Until next time, happy reading!

Claudia.

Welcome to this month's edition of Briefly Science, your go-to newsletter for digestible insights from the world of academic research.

In this issue, I cover a diverse range of topics, from the addictive nature of ultra-processed foods to the influence of pharmaceutical payments on cancer drug prescriptions.

I explore surprising links between our senses of smell and sight, examine the origins of neurons in early animals, and compare two common medications for heart disease.

Whatever your interests, this carefully curated selection of summaries distills key learnings into accessible takeaways.

Set aside 10 minutes to enhance your scientific know-how.

Happy reading!

1: The Dangers of Ultra-Processed Food Addiction: A Closer Look

Read the original paper: Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal Publishing Group

Authors: Ashley N Gearhardt, Nassib B Bueno, Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio, Christina A Roberto, Susana Jiménez-Murcia

Published: October 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075354

Imagine a world where certain foods are so irresistibly addictive that we can't help but keep consuming them, leading to detrimental consequences for our health.

This notion of ultra-processed foods with high levels of carbohydrates and fats acting as addictive substances might sound far-fetched, but it bears significant implications for society, clinical practices, and public policy.

In a recent research study conducted by team of experts, the potential addiction-like qualities of ultra-processed foods are explored, shedding light on the detrimental impact they can have on our well-being.

By categorising these foods as addictive substances, we gain an invaluable perspective that can help guide efforts towards improving public health.

What exactly are ultra-processed foods, you may ask?

They are those highly processed, convenience-based items found in the aisles of our supermarkets - think sugary breakfast cereals, pre-packaged snacks, and ready-to-eat meals.

These foods are engineered to be hyper-palatable and can trigger a compulsive desire to consume more, ultimately leading to overeating and subsequent health issues.

Why does this matter?

Well, understanding the addictive nature of these foods highlights the potential implications on society at large. Individuals, families, and communities are all affected by the widespread availability and marketing strategies employed by the food industry.

By recognising ultra-processed food addiction as a genuine concern, policymakers can work towards implementing regulations that promote healthier food options and protect vulnerable populations.

From a clinical standpoint, this research allows healthcare professionals to better address the challenges individuals face when trying to overcome their addiction to ultra-processed foods.

By acknowledging that these substances can trigger addictive responses in the brain, clinicians can develop tailored strategies and interventions to support those striving for improved health outcomes.

Ultimately, the investigation into ultra-processed food addiction is an important step towards a healthier future.

It prompts us to reconsider the role of these convenient yet harmful food choices in our lives.

Armed with this knowledge, we can empower ourselves and our communities to make informed decisions regarding our diet and advocate for policies that prioritize our well-being.

2: Assessing Eligibility for Lung Cancer Screening: A Game-Changing Breakthrough

Read the original paper: Assessing eligibility for lung cancer screening using parsimonious ensemble machine learning models: A development and validation study

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Thomas Callender, Fergus Imrie, Bogdan Cebere, Nora Pashayan, Neal Navani

Published: October 3rd, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004287

If you or someone you know is at risk of lung cancer, this research has uncovered an innovative approach that could revolutionise screening methods.

With the aim of identifying the most effective way to determine eligibility, a team of researchers used advanced machine learning to develop prediction models.

These models simplify the screening process while maintaining accuracy, making personalized screening more accessible for everyone.

To develop these groundbreaking models, the researchers analysed data from over 200,000 ever-smokers from the UK Biobank prospective cohort and the US National Lung Screening Trial.

The models were then validated using data from the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Trial.

By focusing on just three crucial factors - age, smoking duration, and pack-years - the models outperformed existing methods that required more complex data.

The researchers assessed the models' performance using a range of measures, including discrimination, calibration, overall performance, and net benefit.

These measures demonstrate the models' ability to accurately predict the risk of lung cancer diagnosis and death within a five-year period. In fact, the models achieved or exceeded the performance of current screening methods, despite utilizing only a quarter of the predictors.

External validation in the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Trial showcased the models' impressive capabilities. When predicting lung cancer death, the model achieved an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.803, indicating high accuracy.

Additionally, the model's sensitivity was significantly higher than the current criteria, enabling the detection of high-risk individuals at an earlier stage.

Although this research focuses on UK and US cohorts, the potential impact is far-reaching. If implemented, these parsimonious ensemble machine learning models could streamline lung cancer screening globally, benefiting individuals from all walks of life.

In conclusion, this research marks a significant breakthrough in lung cancer screening.

By simplifying the eligibility assessment process, these models enhance the accuracy and accessibility of personalised screening. This development offers a beacon of hope for improved healthcare outcomes in the fight against lung cancer.

3: Sudden Surge in Babies with Syphilis in Mississippi, USA

Read the original paper: Spike in Congenital Syphilis, Mississippi, USA, 2016–2022

Publisher / Publication: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Authors: Manuela Staneva, Charlotte V. Hobbs, Thomas Dobbs

Published: October 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.3201/eid2910.230421

In recent years, a concerning trend has emerged in Mississippi, USA, where there has been a dramatic increase of babies being born with syphilis.

The number of infants hospitalised with congenital syphilis (CS) skyrocketed by a staggering 1,000%, rising from 10 cases in 2016 to 110 cases in 2022.

This unsettling development prompted researchers to delve into the factors behind this surge.

By carefully examining hospital discharge data from Mississippi, the researchers aimed to shed light on the trends, demographics, outcomes, and risk factors associated with infants diagnosed with CS and subsequently hospitalized between 2016 and 2022. 

Out of the total 367 infants hospitalised with a CS diagnosis, an overwhelming majority of 97.6% were newborns, with an astonishing 92.6% of them being covered by Medicaid. Moreover, 71.1% of affected infants were of African American heritage, and 58.0% hailed from nonurban areas.

Additional analysis revealed that newborns with CS had a higher likelihood of being impacted by maternal illicit drug use and being born prematurely. 

This research seeks to shed light on a deeply concerning issue that affects the youngest and most vulnerable members of our society.

By examining the data and exploring the factors contributing to this alarming trend, we hope to foster a better understanding of the underlying causes and identify potential solutions to address this issue comprehensively.

The implications of this research extend beyond the borders of Mississippi and should serve as a wake-up call for policymakers, healthcare providers, and communities alike.

By joining forces, we can work towards safeguarding the health and well-being of our future generations and ensuring a brighter future for all.

4: Polygenic Factors, Sleep Duration, and Depression: Insights from a Long-Term Study

Read the original paper: Polygenic predisposition, sleep duration, and depression: evidence from a prospective population-based cohort

Publisher / Publication: Translational Psychiatry

Authors: Odessa S. Hamilton, Andrew Steptoe, Olesya Ajnakina

Published: October 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02622-z

Did you know that poor sleep and depression often go hand in hand?

While it's commonly believed that insufficient or excessive sleep can be symptoms of depression, recent research suggests that they might actually be early warning signs. However, the relationship between these factors is still not fully understood.

In this study, researchers examined the connection between genetic predisposition, sleep duration, and depression.

To uncover insights, the researchers analysed data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a study that included male and female participants aged 50 and above.

They used something called polygenic scores, which are like genetic fingerprints, to examine the influence of genes on sleep duration and its extremes: short-sleep and long-sleep.

Interestingly, it turns out that there is no one-size-fits-all approach. Some people are genetically predisposed to require less sleep, while others need more for their optimal functioning. Additionally, the researchers found that these genetic factors play a role in the development of depression. 

But here's the perplexing question: which comes first, poor sleep or depression?

Well, the researchers delved into this mystery too. By analysing the data, they investigated the directionality involved in the relationship between sleep duration and depression. 

By shedding light on the complex interplay between genetics, sleep patterns, and mental health, this study brings us closer to understanding the early indicators of depression.

These findings have the potential to inform future interventions and help individuals effectively manage their sleep and mental well-being.

So, whether you're someone who sleeps a little or a lot, this research highlights the importance of paying attention to your own sleep and mental health.

By recognising the potential signs and seeking support when needed, you can take charge of your well-being.

6: The Step-by-Step Journey of Neuronal Gene Expression in Early Animal Evolution

Read the original paper: Stepwise emergence of the neuronal gene expression program in early animal evolution

Publisher / Publication: Cell

Authors: Sebastián R. Najle, Xavier Grau-Bové, Anamaria Elek, Cristina Navarrete, Damiano Cianferoni

Published: October 12th, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.027

Have you ever wondered how the complex nervous systems of animals first came to be?

Well, a group of researchers delved into this fascinating question by studying a peculiar type of animal called placozoans.

These small disc-shaped creatures may not have neurons, but they exhibit fascinating coordinated behaviours triggered by special cells that secrete peptides.

Through a careful analysis involving genetics and cell biology, the researchers discovered intriguing clues about the evolution of neurons.

To unravel this evolutionary mystery, the researchers compared placozoans with other early animals like sponges and ctenophores.

Surprisingly, while sponges and ctenophores lacked a specific gene expression pattern associated with neurons, the placozoans exhibited a remarkable variety of cell types, some of which expressed genes related to neuronal functions.

Moreover, the researchers identified fourteen distinct types of peptidergic cells in placozoans that expressed genes typically associated with neurons. These peptidergic cells communicate using modified neuropeptides, forming an intricate network of cell signaling.

The researchers also observed that these peptidergic cells originated from progenitor cells with characteristics similar to those involved in neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons.

The research's findings shed light on the early development of the nervous system. It appears that important gene modules and the ability to generate complex cell networks had emerged even before the evolution of the advanced neurons found in animals like jellyfish and humans. This suggests that cell-to-cell communication through paracrine signalling played a fundamental role in the evolution of neuronal functions.

By studying the diverse cell types in placozoans, the researchers offer valuable insights into the origins of neurons and the fascinating journey of animal evolution.

This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the development of complex nervous systems, which are essential for a wide range of animal behaviours, including our own.

7: Crocodiles can pick up on distress sounds from human babies, but they interpret them differently

Read the original paper: Crocodile perception of distress in hominid baby cries

Publisher / Publication: Royal Society

Authors: Julie Thévenet, Léo Papet, Gérard Coureaud, Nicolas Boyer, Florence Levréro

Published: October 2nd, 2023

DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0201

Have you ever wondered if crocodiles can sense distress in the cries of human babies? Well, a group of researchers decided to investigate this intriguing question.

They discovered that Nile crocodiles are indeed attracted to the calls of infant primates like bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans. However, their response is not just based on any old cry – it depends on specific acoustic features that convey the level of distress. Interestingly, these features, such as chaotic patterns, harmonicity, and spectral prominences, differ from what humans use to gauge the distress in baby cries.

These findings have broader implications. They challenge the belief that distress calls across different species are universally understood. While distress vocalisations generally serve to alert others of potential danger, the specific acoustic traits used to convey distress can vary. What this means is that what sounds distressing to one species may not necessarily have the same effect on another.

But why should we care about crocodiles and their ability to perceive baby cries?

Well, the researchers suggest that the acoustic features that trigger a crocodile's reaction might actually be more reliable markers of distress than those recognised by humans.

This raises the question of whether our current understanding of distress in human infants is complete or if there are other vital cues we're missing.

In the end, this study sheds light on the remarkable complexity of animal communication and the differences between species. It implies that the acoustic features that convey distress information in sound signals are not set in stone but instead vary depending on the species.

So, the next time you hear a baby cry, consider how different creatures might interpret it differently based on their unique perception of sound.

Does this mean crocodiles can sympathise with human infants? Not exactly. But it does show us that there's more than meets the ear when it comes to understanding distress signals in the animal kingdom, and that could have important implications for how we understand and interact with the natural world.

9: How Smells Influence the Way We See Colours

Read the original paper: Odors modulate color appearance

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Ryan J. Ward, Maliha Ashraf, Sophie Wuerger, Alan Marshall

Published: October 6th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175703

Our brain has a clever way of combining information from our senses to shape our perception of the world.

In this fascinating study, researchers set out to explore how smells can actually affect the way we perceive colours. Yep, you read that right! Turns out, odours and visuals work together in our minds to create our own unique experiences. 

Now, you might be wondering why this is such a big deal.

Well, it turns out that this interplay between our senses can really mess with our reality. The researchers discovered that when we smell something, our brain tends to tweak our perception of colours too. It's like a mix and match game happening inside our heads! 

They called these consistent connections between what our senses tell us "crossmodal correspondences." It means that there are particular links between different sensory experiences. And guess what? These links can influence not only our vision but also our sense of smell. 

So, here's what the researchers did: they asked a group of people to adjust a colour to remove any hints of hue (which means making it a neutral grey). While doing this, they exposed the participants to various smells. And guess what happened? The participants' perception of this neutral grey shifted towards warmer colours! 

But that's not all.

Out of the five smells the researchers tested, four of them matched what they were expecting. For instance, when the participants smelled cherry, the neutral grey color turned into a reddish-brown hue. Imagine that! 

To make things even more interesting, the researchers tried a different experiment.

They had people adjust a colour to make it achromatic (which means colourless). And guess what happened again? They found that the presence of smells had a small but systematic effect on how people perceived colours. 

So, what's the bottom line here?

This study highlights the incredible interconnectedness of our senses. It shows that our sense of smell is not just about detecting scents, but it also has a sneaky way of altering our perception of colours.

Our brains are truly remarkable, constantly working behind the scenes to create our unique experiences of the world around us.

Welcome to this month's edition of Briefly Science, your guide to the latest fascinating research papers across the sciences.

From slithering brain parasites to captivating electric-blue spiders, this issue brings you summaries of seven recent studies that reveal the wonders and mysteries of the scientific world.

Get ready to dive into the intricacies of circadian rhythms, sexual misconduct statistics, combination drug therapies, and much more.

This month's discoveries are sure to shock, intrigue, and inspire you.

So grab a warm drink, settle in, and enjoy exploring the wondrous world of research.

Estimated read time: 7 minutes

1: Human Neural Larva Migrans Caused by Ophidascaris robertsi Ascarid: Unraveling a Parasitic Brain Invader in Australia

Read the original paper: Human Neural Larva Migrans Caused by Ophidascaris robertsi Ascarid

Publisher / Publication: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Authors: Mehrab E Hossain, Karina J. Kennedy, Heather L. Wilson, David Spratt, Anson Koehler

Published: September 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230351

Imagine the unimaginable: a living parasite, worm-like in nature, slithering its way into the human brain. Sounds like a scene straight out of a horror movie, right? Well, astonishingly, such a chilling scenario recently unfolded in Australia.

Researchers have documented a spine-chilling case of human neural larva migrans caused by an ascarid called Ophidascaris robertsi.

These parasitic worms find their ideal sanctuary inside Australian carpet pythons, but unfortunately, they have found a new and dangerous home within the brains of unsuspecting victims.

In this particular case, a 64-year-old woman with a weakened immune system due to hypereosinophilic syndrome became a victim of this diabolical brain invader. The presence of a live nematode within her brain led to the alarming discovery.

This research serves as a stark reminder of the intricate and often misunderstood relationship between humans and the animal kingdom.

These sinister parasites, seeking unsuspecting hosts, have found a way to exploit the vulnerabilities of both humans and carpet pythons.

Understanding and researching such rare and terrifying occurrences is essential in safeguarding public health.

The consequences of human neural larva migrans caused by Ophidascaris robertsi can be devastating, adding a new layer of complexity to an already challenging situation for those already immunosuppressed.

As we unpack the intricacies of this case, we unlock valuable insights into the world of parasitic infections and their potential impact on human health. By shining a light on this menacing parasite, we hope to better equip healthcare professionals, researchers, and the general public with knowledge that can help prevent future instances of this nightmarish condition.

In this age of scientific marvels, where it seems we have conquered nature's adversaries, this eerie case reminds us that there are still hidden horrors lurking in our midst.

Vigilance, understanding, and further research are required to confront these insidious invaders and protect ourselves from their sinister clutches.

2: Sexual Misconduct in the Surgical Workplace: A Gender Divide

Read the original paper: Sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape by colleagues in the surgical workforce, and how women and men are living different realities: observational study using NHS population-derived weights

Publisher / Publication: Oxford University Press

Authors: Christopher T Begeny, Homa Arshad, Tamzin Cuming, Daljit K Dhariwal, Rebecca A Fisher

Published: September 12th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad242

Sexual misconduct is a pervasive issue in the surgical workforce, with women bearing the brunt of its impact, according to a recent observational study conducted by researchers using NHS population data.

The study aimed to understand the experiences of surgical workforce members, including sexual harassment, assault, and rape by colleagues, over the past five years, and evaluate the effectiveness of accountable organizations in addressing this issue.

The survey involved 1,704 participants, with 51.5% of them being women.

The analysis, both weighted and unweighted, revealed significant disparities between men and women.

Women were more likely than men to report instances of sexual misconduct, with 63.3% stating they had personally experienced sexual harassment compared to 23.7% of men.

Furthermore, 29.9% of women reported being sexually assaulted, while only 6.9% of men reported the same.

Shockingly, 10.9% of women revealed instances of forced physical contact for career advancement, which qualifies as sexual assault, in contrast to a mere 0.7% of men.

The distressing accounts continued, as 0.8% of women admitted to being raped by a colleague, compared to just 0.1% of men.

The researchers also gauged the perceived adequacy of accountable organizations in handling sexual misconduct.

Worryingly, women expressed lower levels of satisfaction than men across the board.

Their evaluations ranged from a disappointing 15.1% for the General Medical Council to a slightly higher 31.1% for the Royal Colleges. In contrast, men rated the General Medical Council at 48.6% and the Royal Colleges at 60.2%.

This study highlights the widespread prevalence of sexual misconduct within the surgical workforce, with women disproportionately affected. Additionally, the research sheds light on the concerning inadequacy of accountable organiaations in combating this issue.

Urgent action is required to address the glaring gender disparity and improve the support systems available to victims.

It is time for all stakeholders within the surgical community to come together to create a safer, more inclusive, and equitable workplace environment for all.

3: The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Daily and Yearly Rhythms of Captive Giant Pandas

Read the original paper: Latitudinal and zoo specific zeitgebers influence circadian and circannual rhythmicity of behavior in captive giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca )

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Kristine M. Gandia, Sharon E. Kessler, Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith

Published: September 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1188566

In the animal world, just like in our daily lives, time matters. The way animals behave, eat, and reproduce is influenced by their internal clocks, known as circadian clocks.

These clocks are regulated by external cues from the environment, such as light, food, and temperature. However, when animals are housed in captive environments, their natural rhythms can be disrupted. This is particularly true for giant pandas, which are often found in zoos located at different latitudes from their natural habitat.

To understand the impact of these changes, a team of researchers studied the behavior of giant pandas in six zoos across the globe.

By analysing live camera footage, they looked at how the pandas' daily and yearly rhythms were affected by their environment. They found that pandas housed outside their natural latitudinal range displayed less activity compared to those within their range.

It seems that the amount of daylight and temperature were also crucial factors influencing the pandas' behavior.

Interestingly, the researchers noticed that the pandas' yearly cycles of sexual-related and stereotypic behaviours were synchronised with several points throughout the year.

This suggests that changes in the environment can influence not only daily activities but also long-term behavioural patterns.

Understanding these findings has important implications for the welfare of captive animals.

By creating environments that mimic the natural conditions in which animals have evolved, we can promote positive welfare states and increase the chances of successful breeding and conservation.

This research highlights the significance of considering the impact of environmental factors on animals' internal clocks, providing valuable insights into how we can improve the lives of captive species.

As we continue to learn more about the natural rhythms and behaviours of animals, it becomes clear that we have a responsibility to provide them with environments that support their natural tendencies. By doing so, we can create a harmonious relationship between animals and their captive habitats, ensuring their well-being and contributing to conservation efforts.

4: Highlighter: Controlling Gene Expression in Plants with Light

Read the original paper: Highlighter: An optogenetic system for high-resolution gene expression control in plants

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Bo Larsen, Roberto Hofmann, Ines S. Camacho, Richard W. Clarke, J Clark Lagarias

Published: September 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002303

Controlling biological processes has become much easier with optogenetics, a cutting-edge technology that allows scientists to manipulate genes at a high resolution. However, applying optogenetics to plants has been challenging due to the unique lighting conditions in horticultural environments. Additionally, existing optogenetic tools for plants often interfere with natural signaling processes or require external substances. 

In this study, researchers have developed Highlighter, a new system that enables precise gene expression control in plants using light.

Highlighter is based on a photoswitchable system found in cyanobacteria, which has been adapted for use in plants through genetic modification.

Through experiments in Escherichia coli, the researchers demonstrated that Highlighter can switch gene expression on or off using green or red light, thanks to a natural plant pigment called phytochromobilin. They also discovered that the system responds to blue light due to the presence of a specific protein domain. 

To test the effectiveness of Highlighter, the researchers used it to control the expression of fluorescent proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana, a plant commonly used in research.

By manipulating light, they were able to precisely control where and when the fluorescent proteins were produced, providing unprecedented control over gene expression.

The researchers also used Highlighter to study plant immunity and pigment production by adjusting the composition of white light, demonstrating the system's potential for improving crop development. 

Highlighter represents a significant advancement in optogenetics for plants, enabling precise control of gene expression at the cellular level.

This technology opens up new possibilities for studying fundamental plant biology and improving agricultural practices.

With emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing and biosensors, scientists can now explore biological processes with much greater precision.

By incorporating Highlighter into their research, scientists can gain valuable insights into gene expression control in plants and put this knowledge to practical use.

5: Intensive Statin Therapy or Combination Therapy of Statin and Ezetimibe: Which is better for Heart Attack Patients?

Read the original paper: Intensive Statin Therapy Versus Upfront Combination Therapy of Statin and Ezetimibe in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis Based on the PL‐ACS Data

Publisher / Publication: Journal of the American Heart Association

Authors: Joanna Lewek, Jacek Niedziela, Piotr Desperak, Krzysztof Dyrbuś, Tadeusz Osadnik

Published: September 6th, 2023

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030414

Heart attacks can be life-threatening events, and finding the best treatment for patients is essential.

Researchers in Poland conducted a study to compare two treatment strategies commonly used for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which are conditions that include heart attacks.

The first strategy is statin monotherapy, where patients take a type of medication called a statin. The second strategy is upfront combination therapy, where patients take a statin along with another medication called ezetimibe.

To conduct the study, the researchers used data from a national registry that includes information from over 38,000 patients who were hospitalized for ACS.

They used a statistical method called propensity score matching to create two groups of patients that were comparable in terms of their characteristics and risk factors. They then compared the outcomes between the two groups.

The results of the study showed that the upfront combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe was associated with a lower risk of death compared to statin monotherapy.

This difference in mortality was observed during the follow-up period of 3 years. In fact, the upfront combination therapy reduced the risk of death by about 4.7% after 3 years, indicating that for every 21 patients treated, one life was saved.

Furthermore, the researchers found that a specific type of statin called rosuvastatin was more effective in improving prognosis compared to another type called atorvastatin.

These findings suggest that for patients with ACS, starting with a combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe may be a better approach to reduce the risk of death compared to using statin alone. This is particularly important for high-risk patients.

The study highlights the importance of considering different treatment options and making informed decisions to improve outcomes for heart attack patients.

In conclusion, the study provides evidence supporting the use of combination therapy over statin monotherapy for patients with ACS.

The findings have implications for clinical practice, suggesting that a stepwise therapy approach may not be as beneficial as upfront combination therapy.

Medical professionals should consider these results when making treatment decisions for their patients.

6: Access to publicly funded weight management services in England: A look at who can get help and who gets left behind

Read the original paper: Access to publicly funded weight management services in England using routine data from primary and secondary care (2007–2020): An observational cohort study

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Karen D. Coulman, Ruta Margelyte, Tim Jones, Jane M. Blazeby, John Macleod

Published: September 28th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004282

Overweight and obesity are health concerns affecting many adults in England. The government provides publicly funded weight management programmes and bariatric surgery for those with severe and complex obesity.

This study examines how primary care identifies and refers individuals for weight management interventions and bariatric surgery. 

Using data from primary care and hospital records, the researchers analyzed information from over 1.8 million adults between 2007 and 2020.

Out of this population, only a fraction were referred to weight management programmes (3.13%) or underwent bariatric surgery (1.09% of those with severe and complex obesity).

The study also looked at factors that influenced the likelihood of being referred or accessing surgery.

The strongest factor associated with referral and surgery was a higher body mass index (BMI).

People with a BMI of 40 or above were over six times more likely to be referred for weight management programmes compared to those with a BMI of 25 to 29.9.

The researchers also found that the geographic region where individuals lived played a role in accessing services.

These findings highlight the challenges faced by individuals seeking publicly funded weight management support in England. Despite the prevalence of overweight and obesity, a small proportion of the primary care population receives referrals or surgical intervention.

The researchers emphasise the need to address this disparity, as individuals with severe obesity may benefit from targeted support.

By understanding the characteristics associated with access to services, policymakers can work towards making weight management interventions more equitable across the country.

This research sheds light on the experiences of individuals living with overweight or obesity in England and their access to publicly funded support.

It underlines the importance of primary care in identifying and referring individuals for appropriate interventions.

By addressing the gaps in access, we can improve the health outcomes and quality of life for those affected by obesity.

7: The Electric-Blue Tarantula: A New Species Found in Thailand

Read the original paper: A new electric-blue tarantula species of the genus  Chilobrachys  Karsh, 1892 from Thailand ( Araneae ,  Mygalomorphae ,  Theraphosidae )

Publisher / Publication: ZooKeys

Authors: Narin Chomphuphuang, Zongtum Sippawat, Patipan Sriranan, Paveen Piyatrakulchai, Chaowalit Songsangchote

Published: September 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1180.106278

Blue is known to be one of the rarest colours in nature, which makes it all the more captivating when found in animals.

Unlike other colours that rely on pigments, blue is a structural colour created by intricate biological photonic nanostructures.

This remarkable phenomenon has independently evolved in several species, showcasing the incredible diversity of colours in the animal kingdom.

In this study, researchers have discovered a fascinating new species of tarantula in southern Thailand.

This particular tarantula species, belonging to the Chilobrachys genus, boasts a mesmerising blue-violet hue reminiscent of electrical sparks.

To give you a better understanding of this remarkable find, the researchers not only provide descriptive photographs but also delve into the natural habitat and physical traits of this species.

The scientists also shed light on the diagnostic features, reproductive structures, and the unique morphology of the stridulatory organ in related species. By exploring these aspects, we can gain valuable insights into the evolutionary patterns and adaptations of these intriguing creatures.

The enchanting blue coloration of this newly discovered tarantula species truly captures our attention. We are often drawn to vibrant colours, and blue is no exception.

This research broadens our knowledge of the natural world and offers a glimpse into the wonders that exist beyond our everyday experiences.

So, take a moment to appreciate the rarity and beauty of blue in nature, as exemplified by the electric-blue tarantula.

By delving into the mysteries of coloration and morphology in these captivating creatures, we unlock a deeper understanding of the astonishing diversity found within our animal kingdom.

Stay curious and empowered with the latest scientific discoveries in this month's Briefly Science.

I summarise 10 groundbreaking research papers spanning diverse topics, from analysing ancient documents to improving lung function through exercise.

Learn how adult education impacts dementia risk, read about music reconstructed from brain signals, and discover metal levels in marijuana users.

With complex studies presented in accessible language, this newsletter makes cutting-edge academic research understandable for college students and non-experts alike.

Get your monthly dose of science made simple to satisfy your curiosity.

Estimated reading time: 10 minutes.

1: Music Reconstruction from Brain Activity: Unlocking the Mysteries of Musical Perception

Read the original paper: Music can be reconstructed from human auditory cortex activity using nonlinear decoding models

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Ludovic Bellier, Anaïs Llorens, Déborah Marciano, Aysegul Gunduz, Gerwin Schalk

Published: August 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002176

Music is an essential part of our lives, but we are still unsure about how our brains process and understand it.

A group of researchers set out to investigate this fascinating topic by observing the brain activity of 29 patients as they listened to a Pink Floyd song.

Using advanced techniques, they were able to reconstruct the song solely from the neural signals recorded from these patients' brains.

This breakthrough not only sheds light on the intricate workings of the human brain but also has potential applications in brain-computer interfaces.

By combining encoding and decoding analyses, the researchers discovered a remarkable finding: our brain's right hemisphere holds primary responsibility for processing music. In particular, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) plays a crucial role in our perception of music. Within this region, they uncovered a previously unknown subsection that specifically responds to musical rhythm, highlighting the brain's remarkable ability to discern and appreciate the rhythmic patterns of music.

Additionally, the researchers uncovered an intriguing organisation within the STG.

They observed sustained responses as well as rapid reactions to the various elements of music, indicating an anterior-posterior pattern of engagement in music perception.

They established that different parts of the STG react differently to the different components of music, providing insight into how our brains dissect and comprehend this beautiful art form.

This groundbreaking study not only deepens our understanding of the neural mechanisms of music perception, but it also opens up exciting possibilities for the future.

The researchers demonstrate the feasibility of using predictive modelling on short datasets acquired from individual patients.

This breakthrough paves the way for the integration of musical elements into brain-computer interface applications, bringing us one step closer to a world where our thoughts can be transformed into music.

In conclusion, this research pushes the boundaries of our knowledge, revealing the inner workings of our brains when listening to music.

The findings not only uncover the complex neural processes involved but also provide a foundation for developing innovative technologies that can harness the power of music and the mind.

2: Case Report of Leprosy in Central Florida, USA, 2022: A Rising Concern in Your Backyard

Read the original paper: Case Report of Leprosy in Central Florida, USA, 2022

Publisher / Publication: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Authors: Aashni Bhukhan, Charles Dunn, Rajiv Nathoo

Published: August 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.3201/eid2908.220367

Leprosy, a disease that many assume exists only in far-flung corners of the world, is now making an unexpected appearance in sunny Florida, USA.

This revelation comes as a shock, as leprosy cases are on the rise, and they aren't following the usual patterns.

Typically, foreign-born individuals were believed to be at higher risk, but recently, that trend has taken an unexpected turn. It appears that leprosy is quietly taking root in the southeastern United States, including Central Florida.

So, what does this mean for you?

Well, if you live in any state and someone close to you is diagnosed with leprosy, it might be worth considering a trip to the Sunshine State as part of the contact tracing process. Yes, that's right, Florida has become a hotspot for a disease we often associate with distant places.

This finding challenges our preconceived notions about leprosy and forces us to confront the reality that it can strike anywhere, even in our own backyards.

The researchers behind this study have noticed a worrying trend, calling attention to the urgent need for further investigation and measures to contain the spread of leprosy.

You might wonder, how did leprosy end up in Florida?

Unfortunately, there are no concrete answers yet. Nonetheless, this development highlights the importance of staying informed and vigilant, as infectious diseases have a way of defying our expectations and geographical borders.

In conclusion, leprosy's unexpected emergence in Central Florida, USA, serves as a stark reminder that diseases can quietly evolve and spread closer to home than we might expect.

So, keep an eye out for any unusual symptoms or reports, as awareness and early detection are key in battling this invisible threat.

3: The Link Between Sleep Problems, Stress, and Other Psychological Factors and Atrial Fibrillation in Postmenopausal Women: Lessons from the Women's Health Initiative

Read the original paper: Association Between Insomnia, Stress Events, and Other Psychosocial Factors and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Postmenopausal Women: Insights From the Women’s Health Initiative

Publisher / Publication: Journal of the American Heart Association

Authors: Susan X. Zhao, Hilary A. Tindle, Joseph C. Larson, Nancy F. Woods, Michael H. Crawford

Published: August 30th, 2023

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030030

We all know that stress and lack of sleep can take a toll on our health, but new research sheds light on a specific heart condition that may be influenced by these factors.

A group of researchers analysed data from the Women's Health Initiative to investigate the connection between psychological factors and atrial fibrillation (AF), a common heart rhythm disorder.

The study focused on postmenopausal women, examining a range of psychological exposures and their potential impact on the development of AF.

After evaluating data from over 83,000 women, the researchers uncovered two clusters of psychological factors that were significantly associated with the incidence of AF.

The first cluster, named the "Stress Cluster," encompassed stressful life events, depressive symptoms, and insomnia. The second cluster, called the "Strain Cluster," included factors like optimism, social support, social strain, cynical hostility, and emotional expressiveness. Women who scored higher in these clusters were more likely to develop AF.

Further analysis singled out insomnia and stressful life events as the most influential individual predictors of AF. In other words, struggling with sleep and experiencing significant life stressors were strongly linked to an increased risk of developing this heart condition.

Interestingly, the researchers discovered that the association between the Strain Cluster and AF was more pronounced among women who had lower overall risks for the condition. This finding suggests that these psychological factors may have a greater impact on individuals who are less predisposed to AF based on traditional risk factors.

While this study provides valuable insights, further research is necessary to confirm these associations.

Understanding the connection between psychological factors and AF in postmenopausal women can help healthcare professionals identify potential risk factors and develop targeted interventions to prevent this heart condition.

4: The Impact of Adult Education on Memory and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Closer Look at Long-Term Effects

Read the original paper: Effects of adult education on cognitive function and risk of dementia in older adults: a longitudinal analysis

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Hikaru Takeuchi, Ryuta Kawashima

Published: August 23rd, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1212623

In this thought-provoking research, scientists explored the connection between adult education and cognitive function in older individuals.

They examined whether participating in adult education classes could have a lasting impact on memory, thinking skills, and the risk of developing dementia.

Using data from the UK Biobank study, which includes information on various factors influencing health, the researchers followed a large group of participants over a span of several years.

What did they find?

Well, the results were quite remarkable.

It turns out that taking part in adult education classes was linked to retaining cognitive abilities and reducing the risk of dementia. Those who engaged in these classes showed better fluid intelligence scores over time, suggesting that their thinking skills remained sharper.

Moreover, the researchers discovered that individuals who had attended these educational activities had a significantly lower likelihood of developing dementia after five years compared to their non-participating counterparts.

But here's the twist: these positive outcomes were observed independently of the subject's initial cognitive abilities or genetic predisposition to dementia.

In other words, the benefits of adult education on memory and brain health were not solely confined to those who were already functioning at a high level or had a lower genetic risk.

This finding highlights the potential for adult education to be a preventive measure against dementia.

So, what does this mean for you and me?

It suggests that engaging in adult education activities could have meaningful implications for our brain health as we grow older. Whether it's attending courses, workshops, or even pursuing new hobbies and learning experiences, making an effort to exercise our brains can be an investment in our cognitive well-being. By doing so, we may improve our memory, maintain our thinking abilities, and potentially reduce the risk of dementia.

This study sheds light on the potential benefits of adult education, highlighting its role in supporting long-term brain health.

So, why not consider incorporating educational opportunities into our lives? After all, lifelong learning is not just about acquiring knowledge, but also about investing in our brain health and preserving our cognitive abilities as we navigate the journey of ageing.

5: Effect of Exercise on Lung Function in Adults with Asthma: A Network Meta-Analysis

Read the original paper: Effect of exercise intervention on lung function in asthmatic adults: a network meta-analysis

Publisher / Publication: Taylor & Francis Online

Authors: Shuangtao Xing, Shijie Feng, Dan Zeng

Published: August 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2237031

Do you have asthma and feel discouraged about exercising? Well, think again! It turns out that exercise can actually improve your lung function and overall respiratory health.

A group of researchers conducted a study to compare different types of exercise and their effects on lung function in adults with asthma. 

They searched through various databases and found 28 controlled trials involving over 2,000 asthma patients. The results of their network meta-analysis revealed some fascinating findings.

The researchers discovered that breathing training, aerobic training, relaxation training, yoga training, and a combination of breathing and aerobic training all improved the Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) levels compared to a control group. Moreover, aerobic training, breathing training, yoga training, and the combination of breathing and aerobic training were found to enhance the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC).

The researchers also observed that breathing training, aerobic training, relaxation training, yoga training, and the combination of breathing and aerobic training contributed to improvements in Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF).

Furthermore, breathing training, aerobic training, and yoga training were associated with improvements in the Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second/Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio.

The study's findings suggest that exercise interventions can have a positive impact on lung function for adults with asthma.

Importantly, relaxation training showed the most significant effect in improving FEV1 levels.

This means that individuals with asthma should not be afraid to exercise, as it can actually improve their respiratory health.

With the right exercise regimen, tailored specifically for asthma patients, you can enhance your lung function and improve your overall well-being.

So, if you have asthma, don't let it hold you back from enjoying the benefits of exercise. Consult with your healthcare provider to design an exercise plan that suits your needs and abilities.

Remember, exercise is not only good for your physical health but can also have a positive impact on your respiratory function, giving you the freedom to live an active and fulfilling life.

6: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Well-Being: What Research Shows

Read the original paper: The Impact of Social Media Use Interventions on Mental Well-Being: Systematic Review

Publisher / Publication: JMIR Publications

Authors: Ruth Plackett, Alexandra Blyth, Patricia Schartau

Published: August 11th, 2023

DOI: 10.2196/44922

Do you ever wonder how social media affects your mental well-being?

Researchers have examined this topic to understand how social media use can influence our mental health, especially when it starts interfering with our daily lives.

To help improve mental well-being, interventions have been developed and evaluated. However, it's important to understand how effective these interventions really are.

In this systematic review, the researchers gathered and analysed existing studies on the effectiveness of social media use interventions in improving mental well-being in adults.

They found that out of the numerous studies they reviewed, only a few included in-depth evaluations of interventions. Most of the studies showed mixed effects, with some reporting improvements in mental well-being, while others found no significant impact.

Interestingly, therapy-based interventions that used techniques like cognitive behavioural therapy were more effective in improving mental well-being compared to simply limiting or abstaining from social media.

Depression was the most frequently investigated outcome, with the majority of studies reporting a significant improvement in depression after the intervention. However, the results were more varied for other outcomes such as anxiety, stress, and loneliness.

One important aspect to note is the quality of the studies.

The researchers found that most of them had weak scores due to issues related to selection bias. In essence, many studies relied on convenience samples of university students, limiting the generalisability of the findings.

In conclusion, while there is some evidence that social media use interventions can help improve mental well-being, particularly for depression, it is crucial to conduct further research with representative samples.

This will help us better understand who may benefit the most from these interventions and provide guidance for policy makers and clinicians on how to effectively address problematic social media use.

As college students navigating the world of social media, it can be enlightening to explore the impact it has on our mental well-being.

Being aware of these findings allows us to make informed decisions about our social media use and seek the necessary support if needed.

7: The Role of Brain Excitation and Inhibition in Boosting Learning with Brain Stimulation

Read the original paper: Human neuronal excitation/inhibition balance explains and predicts neurostimulation induced learning benefits

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Nienke E. R. van Bueren, Sanne H. G. van der Ven, Shachar Hochman, Francesco Sella, Roi Cohen Kadosh

Published: August 31st, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002193

Have you ever wondered how our brain processes information and learns new things? Well, researchers have made some fascinating discoveries in this area.

They have found that the balance between brain excitation and inhibition is crucial for our mental health, cognition, and learning abilities.

This balance, known as the excitation/inhibition (E/I) ratio, can actually impact the way we learn and retain information.

In this study, the researchers focused on a specific type of brain stimulation called high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS).

This type of stimulation has been shown to enhance learning in previous studies. The researchers wanted to understand why and how tRNS improves learning and if the E/I ratio could be a key factor.

To investigate this, the researchers conducted a study with over 100 participants.

They divided the participants into two groups: one group received a placebo stimulation, while the other group received tRNS over a specific area of the brain responsible for learning. The researchers measured the E/I ratio using a marker called the aperiodic exponent.

The results were intriguing.

The researchers found that tRNS increased the E/I ratio, indicating a heightened brain activity balance.

Importantly, they discovered that individuals with a lower E/I ratio experienced greater benefits from tRNS specifically for the learning task. This means that tRNS could be more effective for those who naturally have a lower E/I ratio.

Interestingly, the researchers also compared their findings with previous studies that used a different method called magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure E/I ratio.

They found that the two methods might capture different biological mechanisms. This suggests that there is still much to learn about how the brain works and how to optimize brain stimulation for learning.

Overall, this research sheds light on the importance of the E/I ratio in enhancing learning through brain stimulation. Understanding this mechanism could lead to more personalised and effective interventions for learning and cognitive enhancement.

So, the next time you're trying to learn something new, remember that your brain's balance of excitation and inhibition could play a crucial role in your success.

8: Blood and Urinary Metal Levels among Exclusive Marijuana Users: What You Need to Know

Read the original paper: Blood and Urinary Metal Levels among Exclusive Marijuana Users in NHANES (2005–2018)

Publisher / Publication: Environmental Health Perspectives

Authors: Katlyn E. McGraw, Anne E. Nigra, Joshua Klett, Marisa Sobel, Elizabeth C. Oelsner

Published: August 30th, 2023

DOI: 10.1289/EHP12074

Marijuana is a widely used drug around the world, but have you ever wondered about its effects on our bodies?

A group of researchers conducted a study to investigate whether individuals who use marijuana have higher levels of certain metals in their blood and urine compared to non-users. 

To do this, the researchers gathered data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, covering the years 2005 to 2018, and included a total of 7,254 participants.

These participants were divided into four groups based on their substance use: non-marijuana/non-tobacco users, exclusive marijuana users, exclusive tobacco users, and individuals who used both marijuana and tobacco.

Metal levels in the blood and urine were measured using a special technique called inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, with adjustments made for urinary creatinine.

The findings of the study revealed some intriguing insights.

Participants who exclusively used marijuana had significantly higher levels of cadmium in their blood. Cadmium is a metal that can be harmful to our health, so this discovery is worth paying attention to. However, the study did not find any major differences in the levels of other metals between marijuana users and non-users.

It is important to note that this study focused specifically on exclusive marijuana users, without considering other factors such as frequency or duration of use.

Additionally, the levels of metals detected were within the range considered safe by regulatory standards.

While this research sheds light on the potential relationship between marijuana use and metal levels in our bodies, it is crucial to interpret these findings with caution.

Further studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms behind these differences and to determine long-term implications for marijuana users.

In conclusion, this study provides valuable information about metal levels in the blood of exclusive marijuana users. Understanding these associations can contribute to future research and public health discussions surrounding marijuana use.

Keep in mind that responsible use and informed decision-making are essential when it comes to any psychoactive substance.

9: Unraveling Count Dracula: Examining Vlad III the Impaler's Historic Documents using Cutting-Edge Technology

Read the original paper: Count Dracula Resurrected: Proteomic Analysis of Vlad III the Impaler’s Documents by EVA Technology and Mass Spectrometry

Publisher / Publication: ACS Publications

Authors: Maria

Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà, Antonella Di Francesco, Annamaria Cucina, Rosaria Saletti, Gleb Zilberstein

Published: August 8th, 2023

DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01461

Have you ever wondered how scientists analyse ancient texts to uncover hidden secrets from the past?

In this fascinating study, researchers utilised advanced technology to shed light on the life of Vlad III, famously known as Vlad the Impaler or Count Dracula.

By combining high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with the innovative EVA technique, the team meticulously examined three letters written by Vlad in the 15th century.

Through their investigation, the researchers successfully identified the peptides and proteins present in these historic documents.

They skilfully distinguished the original components from potential contaminants by observing the different levels of deamidation and other chemical changes.

Remarkably, the ancient proteins provided insight into the environmental conditions of Wallachia, where Vlad ruled. It was a bustling region, frequented by soldiers, migrants, and travellers, potentially creating a melting pot of diseases and epidemics.

Furthermore, the detailed protein analysis uncovered intriguing details about Vlad the Impaler himself.

The data suggested that he likely suffered from respiratory and/or skin inflammations, confirming some historical accounts.

Astonishingly, the evidence also hinted at a rare medical condition called hemolacria, where blood mixes with tears. This revelation adds to the enigmatic persona of Count Dracula.

Though acknowledging the possibility of multiple individuals handling these documents over the centuries, the scientists confidently attributed the most prominent proteins to Prince Vlad the Impaler, as he was the author and signer of these letters.

Additionally, the findings prompt us to consider the wider context of medieval Wallachia, its inhabitants, and their interconnectedness with the outside world.

This groundbreaking research demonstrates the tremendous potential of modern technology to decipher historical mysteries. It not only enriches our understanding of a notorious figure like Vlad the Impaler but also provides a glimpse into the past's social and medical landscapes.

By unlocking the secrets hidden within ancient documents, researchers are breathing life into history, connecting us to our ancestors in unforeseen ways.

Stay up to date with the latest scientific discoveries with my monthly newsletter, Briefly Science.

This month's edition summarises 11 recent research papers, covering diverse topics from human evolution and ancient artifacts to global disease burdens and cellular rejuvenation.

Learn how Neanderthal DNA influences our anatomy, read about tiny worms revived after 46,000 years in Siberian permafrost, and discover a potential breakthrough in reversing cellular aging.

Plus insights on the health impacts of depression, endometriosis and more. With summaries written in clear, accessible language, our newsletter makes cutting-edge academic research easily understandable to all.

Estimated reading time: 8 minutes

1: The challenges faced by non-native English speakers in scientific research

Read the original paper: The manifold costs of being a non-native English speaker in science

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Tatsuya Amano, Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, Violeta Berdejo-Espinola, Israel Borokini, Shawan Chowdhury

Published: July 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002184

English has become the dominant language in scientific research, creating obstacles for non-native English speakers looking to make their mark in the field. However, little attention has been given to understanding the impact of language barriers on the career development of these researchers.

In this study, 908 environmental scientists were surveyed to shed light on the amount of effort required to carry out scientific activities in English, taking into account different linguistic and economic backgrounds.

The findings reveal that non-native English speakers, particularly early in their careers, face greater challenges than their native counterparts. They have to invest more effort in tasks such as reading and writing papers, preparing presentations, and disseminating research in multiple languages.

Furthermore, these language barriers can prevent them from attending and presenting at international conferences conducted in English.

It is crucial for the scientific community to acknowledge and address these disadvantages in order to unlock the potential of non-native English speakers in scientific research.

To this end, the study also proposes practical solutions that can be implemented by individuals, institutions, journals, funders, and conferences to level the playing field.

2: A New Species Found in Frozen Siberia: Surviving the Test of Time

Read the original paper: A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Genetics

Authors: Anastasia Shatilovich, Vamshidhar R. Gade, Martin Pippel, Tarja T. Hoffmeyer, Alexei V. Tchesunov

Published: July 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010798

Imagine being able to press pause on life and stay in that state for thousands of years.

It sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but recently, researchers made an astonishing discovery in the Siberian permafrost.

They found tiny worms that had been in suspended animation for an incredible 46,000 years!

These worms belong to a previously unknown species called Panagrolaimus kolymaensis.

The researchers compared these ancient worms to a well-studied cousin called Caenorhabditis elegans, which is known for its ability to survive harsh conditions.

Astonishingly, they found that both species share similar tricks for staying alive. They are like survival masters, using special biochemical pathways to tolerate freezing temperatures and dehydration.

This discovery not only expands our understanding of these remarkable survival skills but also challenges the concept of how long an organism can wait in suspended animation.

What makes this finding even more intriguing is that the worms from Siberia have been living in a state of suspended animation since the late Pleistocene era, a time when mammoths roamed the Earth.

This new discovery not only enriches our knowledge of evolutionary processes but also raises intriguing questions about the potential for the resurrection of extinct lineages through the long-term survival of individuals.

By unlocking the secrets of these frozen worms, researchers are not only shedding light on the incredible adaptability of life but also gaining insights into our own survival mechanisms.

Just imagine how useful it would be if we could learn from these ancient creatures and develop new ways to withstand extreme conditions.

In a world where climate change and environmental challenges are becoming increasingly important, studying the remarkable abilities of organisms like Panagrolaimus Kolymaensis could prove invaluable.

As we face uncertain times, the survival strategies of these seemingly insignificant worms may hold the key to our own resilience.

So, the next time you feel down or overwhelmed, remember these tiny worms from Siberia that defied time itself. Just like them, we also have the ability to adapt and endure, even in the harshest of circumstances.

We just need to uncover the secrets hidden within ourselves.

3: Chemical cocktails that can reverse cellular ageing: A potential breakthrough in anti-aging research

Read the original paper: Chemically induced reprogramming to reverse cellular aging

Publisher / Publication: Aging-US

Authors: Jae-Hyun Yang, Christopher A. Petty, Thomas Dixon-McDougall, Maria Vina Lopez, Alexander Tyshkovskiy

Published: July 12th, 2023

DOI: 10.18632/aging.204896

As we age, our cells undergo changes that contribute to the overall ageing process. But what if I told you that there might be a way to turn back the clock and restore youthful characteristics to ageing cells? Well, that's exactly what a group of researchers have been investigating.

These scientists have developed a method called chemically induced reprogramming, which aims to reverse the ageing process at a cellular level. By introducing certain chemical cocktails to human cells, they have found that it's possible to rejuvenate these cells and restore them to a more youthful state, all without altering their genetic makeup.

Using sophisticated screening techniques, the researchers have identified six specific chemical combinations that can achieve this remarkable rejuvenation effect in just a matter of days.

They have tested these cocktails on ageing cells and have observed remarkable changes. These cocktails not only restored the cells' DNA patterns and molecular profiles to a more youthful state, but they also reversed the overall age of the cells as determined by specific ageing clocks.

What makes this discovery even more exciting is that it offers a non-genetic approach to reversing cellular ageing. Instead of relying solely on altering the genes, these chemical cocktails show potential in restoring youthful characteristics without compromising the identity of the cells.

This breakthrough has the potential to revolutioniae the field of anti-aging research.

Imagine a future where we can not only slow down the aging process, but also reverse its effects on a cellular level. The possibilities are endless, from enhancing tissue function and rejuvenating organs to improving overall health and quality of life.

While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind this rejuvenation process, this study presents an exciting step forward.

It provides hope for a future where aging is not just an inevitable part of life but a condition that can be reversed.

So, hang on tight, because the future of anti-aging might be closer than we think.

4: Diet, Disease, and Longevity: What We Can Learn from 80 Countries

Read the original paper: Diet, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 80 countries

Publisher / Publication: European Heart Journal

Authors: Andrew Mente, Mahshid Dehghan, Sumathy Rangarajan, Martin O’Donnell, Weihong Hu

Published: July 6th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad269

Can the food we eat really impact our health and lifespan?

A group of researchers set out to answer this question by studying the diets and health outcomes of 245,000 individuals from 80 countries.

In their study, they developed a healthy diet score based on six key foods known to lower the risk of mortality: fruit, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, and whole-fat dairy.

The researchers found that individuals who followed a diet high in these foods had a significantly lower risk of death from all causes and major cardiovascular events, such as heart disease and stroke.

In fact, compared to those with a lower diet score, those with a score of five or more had a 30% lower risk of mortality and an 18% lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

These findings were consistent across multiple studies conducted in different countries, further supporting the global applicability of a healthy diet.

Even in individuals with pre-existing vascular conditions, a higher diet score was associated with better health outcomes.

Interestingly, the benefits of a healthy diet were even more pronounced in countries with lower incomes, where consumption of these nutritious foods tends to be lower.

This suggests that improving access and affordability to these food groups could have a significant impact on reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease and mortality worldwide.

The researchers also compared their healthy diet score to other commonly-used scores and found that it showed slightly stronger associations with health outcomes. This reinforces the importance of including a variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, and whole-fat dairy in our daily diets.

In conclusion, this research highlights the powerful role that diet plays in shaping our health and longevity, regardless of geographic location.

By embracing a diet rich in wholesome foods, we can potentially reduce our risk of cardiovascular disease and ultimately lead longer, healthier lives.

5: First live birth rates lower in women with endometriosis before surgery, according to a nationwide study

Read the original paper: First live birth before surgical verification of endometriosis—a nationwide register study of 18 324 women

Publisher / Publication: Oxford University Press

Authors: A Tuominen, L Saavalainen, M Niinimäki, M Gissler, A But

Published: July 4th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead120

Did you know that women with endometriosis may have a lower chance of having their first live birth before their condition is surgically confirmed? That's what a recent study found, which looked at data from over 18,000 women in Finland.

Endometriosis is a condition that causes pain and can affect fertility, and it's often diagnosed years after symptoms begin. The researchers wanted to understand the impact of endometriosis on women's fertility before it was formally diagnosed. 

The study found that women with endometriosis had a lower incidence of first live births, regardless of the type of endometriosis they had.

The diagnosis of endometriosis typically happened at around age 35, but by that time, many women had already experienced their first live birth. However, the incidence was still lower compared to women without endometriosis. 

Further analysis showed that women with ovarian, peritoneal, and deep endometriosis all had similar rates of first live births before surgery. However, women with ovarian endometriosis tended to be the oldest at the time of surgical diagnosis and also had the lowest fertility rate per parous woman. 

It's important to note that this study only looked at data prior to surgical confirmation of endometriosis, so there may be other factors influencing fertility outcomes. It also didn't account for socioeconomic factors, such as education level, which could have an impact. 

In conclusion, this study highlights the need for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of endometriosis, especially in women who are trying to conceive.

By understanding the impact on fertility, healthcare professionals can help women make informed decisions about their reproductive health.

6: Can Sniffing Scents Improve Memory in Older Adults?

Read the original paper: Overnight olfactory enrichment using an odorant diffuser improves memory and modifies the uncinate fasciculus in older adults

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Cynthia C. Woo, Blake Miranda, Mithra Sathishkumar, Farideh Dehkordi-Vakil, Michael A. Yassa

Published: July 24th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200448

Cognitive decline is a growing concern among older adults, and researchers are looking for affordable and accessible ways to address this issue.

In this study, the researchers explored the potential of using pleasant smells at night to enhance cognitive abilities in healthy older individuals. A group of male and female participants aged 60-85 were randomly assigned to either an Olfactory Enriched group or a Control group.

In the Olfactory Enriched group, participants were exposed to seven different scents, one each night, for two hours using a special device. Meanwhile, the Control group had a similar experience but with minimal amounts of scent. The researchers conducted neuropsychological assessments and brain scans at the start of the study and after six months to evaluate the outcomes.

The results revealed some exciting findings.

The Olfactory Enriched group showed a remarkable 226% improvement compared to the Control group on a memory test called the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.

Additionally, the brain scans demonstrated improved functioning in a specific brain area called the left uncinate fasciculus, as indicated by the measure of mean diffusivity.

These findings suggest that even a small amount of pleasant scent exposure during sleep can have a positive impact on both cognitive abilities and neural functioning.

The researchers propose that this simple and effortless method of olfactory enrichment could be an effective way to promote brain health.

Addressing cognitive decline is crucial for older adults, and the use of pleasant smells provides a promising avenue for improvement.

This research opens up possibilities for easy and accessible treatments that individuals can incorporate into their daily lives.

So, why not try filling your bedroom with pleasant scents at night? It may just give your brain a natural boost.

7: The Global Burden of Diabetes: A Comprehensive Analysis from 1990 to 2050

Read the original paper: Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Publisher / Publication: The Lancet

Authors: Sharifullah Alemi

Published: July 16th, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6

Diabetes is a significant global health issue that affects people from all walks of life.

A team of researchers conducted a thorough analysis of diabetes prevalence and the associated burden from 1990 to 2021, with projections up to 2050.

By examining data from 204 countries and territories, the researchers estimated the number of people living with diabetes, the types of diabetes, and the impact on individuals' well-being.

In 2021, the world had a staggering 529 million people living with diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes varied across different regions, with the highest rates observed in North Africa, the Middle East, and Oceania. Type 2 diabetes accounted for the majority of cases, particularly among older adults. Obesity emerged as a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, contributing to more than half of the disease burden.

Alarmingly, the researchers projected that by 2050, the number of people with diabetes would surpass 1.31 billion. This increase is predicted to have a severe impact in several regions, particularly North Africa and the Middle East, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Moreover, over 89 countries and territories will experience high rates of diabetes prevalence.

The research highlights the pressing need to address the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes, as the disease is largely preventable and, in some cases, reversible. However, the rise in obesity, influenced by numerous factors, is driving the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide.

Achieving successful control of diabetes risk factors requires a better understanding of disparities across populations and the complex drivers contributing to the disease burden.

In conclusion, diabetes continues to pose a significant challenge to public health globally.

It is crucial to prioritise strategies that not only prevent and control diabetes but also address the underlying factors causing its rise.

Through collective efforts, we can mitigate the impact of this chronic condition and promote healthier lives for all.

8: The Risk of Time-Traveling Pathogens to Ecological Communities

Read the original paper: Time-travelling pathogens and their risk to ecological communities

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Computational Biology

Authors: Giovanni Strona, Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Pedro Cardoso, Nicholas J. Gotelli, Frédéric Guillaume

Published: July 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011268

Permafrost thawing and the possible release of ancient microorganisms pose a threat to today's ecological communities, including potential risks to human health from emergent pathogens.

The impact of these "time-traveling" invaders on modern communities remains unclear due to limited data.

To better understand the risks, researchers isolated digital virus-like pathogens from past records of coevolved artificial life communities and simulated their invasion into future community states.

They investigated how these invasions affected the diversity of free-living bacteria-like organisms in recipient communities compared to controls where no invasion occurred.

The findings revealed that invading pathogens could survive and continue evolving, with a few cases becoming exceptionally dominant in the invaded community.

However, the overall impact on community composition was often negligible, with occasional unpredictable cases causing significant losses or gains in species richness.

Despite the low probability of outbreak events, the sheer abundance of ancient microorganisms regularly entering modern communities poses substantial risks.

These findings shed light on the potential ecological changes posed by threats that were previously confined to science fiction. The melting of glaciers and permafrost now presents concrete opportunities for ice-dormant microorganisms to re-emerge, raising questions about their impact.

While the topic has been largely speculative, the researchers conducted extensive in silico simulations to explore the risk these "time-traveling" pathogens pose to modern ecological communities.

The study reveals that invading pathogens can survive, evolve, and occasionally become persistent and dominant, leading to notable losses or gains in species richness.

This research highlights the need to consider unpredictable threats that were once confined to fiction, as they could potentially drive significant ecological change.

The concerns surrounding ancient pathogens trapped in ice or hidden in remote laboratories are no longer purely imaginative.

Considering that collecting appropriate data or conducting experiments to test hypotheses remains challenging, this study provides valuable insights into the ecological risks associated with these "time-traveling" pathogens.

Ultimately, it urges a better understanding of the potential consequences of these pathogens on our real-world ecosystems and their implications for human wellbeing.

9: Depression and Type 2 Diabetes: Untangling the Connection and Shared Attributes

Read the original paper: Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization and Multiphenotype GWAS Show Causality and Shared Pathophysiology Between Depression and Type 2 Diabetes

Publisher / Publication: Diabetes Care

Authors: Jared G. Maina, Zhanna Balkhiyarova, Arie Nouwen, Igor Pupko, Anna Ulrich

Published: July 26th, 2023

DOI: 10.2337/dc22-2373

Depression and type 2 diabetes often go hand in hand, but how exactly are they linked and what is the role of genetics?

A group of researchers conducted an in-depth investigation to uncover the causal relationship and shared biological factors between these two conditions.

Using an advanced statistical technique called bidirectional Mendelian randomisation (MR), the researchers untangled the cause and effect relationship between depression and type 2 diabetes.

Their findings revealed a significant causal effect of depression on the development of type 2 diabetes, but not the other way around.

Digging deeper, the researchers explored potential mediators between depression and type 2 diabetes.

They discovered that a considerable portion (about 36.5%) of the effect depression has on type 2 diabetes is mediated by body mass index (BMI), highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy weight to prevent diabetes when experiencing depressive symptoms.

To uncover shared genetic factors, the research team conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS).

Surprisingly, they did not find any shared genetic loci between type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms. However, when they expanded their analysis to include multiple phenotypes, they identified seven shared genetic loci that could play a role in both conditions.

Further investigation into these loci revealed potential target genes in various tissues. For example, one gene linked to the cell cycle, CCND2, was implicated in pancreatic islets and brain tissues, while another gene involved in insulin signalling, IRS1, showed relevance in adipose tissue.

Overall, this research underscores the importance of preventing type 2 diabetes when signs of depression emerge and emphasises the significance of maintaining a healthy weight to avoid the comorbidity of these conditions.

By shedding light on the shared genetic factors, the study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms that connect depression and type 2 diabetes, offering hope for improved prevention and treatment strategies.

10: Evidence of ancient bone artefacts found in central Brazil during the last Ice Age

Read the original paper: Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum

Publisher / Publication: Royal Society

Authors: Thais R. Pansani, Briana Pobiner, Pierre Gueriau, Mathieu Thoury, Paul Tafforeau

Published: July 12th, 2023

DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0316

Have you ever wondered about the history of human settlement in the Americas and their interaction with the incredible animals that once roamed the land?

Well, researchers have made a fascinating discovery in the Santa Elina rock shelter in Central Brazil.

They have found evidence of ancient human settlements dating back to the last Ice Age, around 20,000 years ago.

What makes this discovery so intriguing is that these settlements were not only home to early humans, but also to the majestic giant ground sloth, Glossotherium phoenesis.

The researchers have uncovered thousands of bone fragments from these extinct creatures, with three of them showing signs of deliberate human modification.

To understand more about these bone artefacts, the researchers used a range of techniques, such as optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to examine the bones without causing any damage. They also used UV/visible photoluminescence and synchrotron-based microtomography to analyse the bones in even greater detail.

Not only did the researchers study the bones themselves, but they also explored the spatial relationship between the giant sloth bone remains and stone tools that were found nearby. By doing so, they were able to confirm that the bone artefacts were intentionally modified by humans during the last Ice Age.

This discovery provides important evidence that humans and giant ground sloths coexisted and interacted with each other thousands of years ago.

It also suggests that humans had the ability to create personal items, such as tools or adornments, using the remains of these magnificent creatures.

Overall, this research adds to our understanding of ancient human cultures in the Americas and sheds light on the fascinating relationship between humans and the Pleistocene megafauna.

It opens up a window into the past, allowing us to imagine what life was like during this remarkable period in history.

11: Unraveling the Ancient Mysteries: How Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA Sheds Light on Human Evolution

Read the original paper: A Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 variant contributes to anatomical variations in mice

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Ako Agata, Satoshi Ohtsuka, Ryota Noji, Hitoshi Gotoh, Katsuhiko Ono

Published: July 3rd, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.547394

Have you ever wondered how our human ancestors, the Neanderthals and Denisovans, contributed to our modern-day physical characteristics?

Well, a group of researchers decided to dig into this ancient puzzle by examining a specific DNA variant that these extinct hominins carried in a gene called GLI3. This gene is responsible for regulating various aspects of development in organisms, including us humans.

The researchers focused on a specific mutation called GLI3 R1537C, which was present in the Neanderthals and Denisovans.

Now, you might be thinking, how does this mutation affect us today? Surprisingly, this mutation does not impact the stability of the protein or its ability to activate important genes. Instead, it influences the regulation of downstream genes that are involved in key developmental processes.

To truly understand the significance of this ancient DNA variant, the researchers turned to our furry friends: mice.

By genetically modifying mice to carry the Neanderthal/Denisovan GLI3 mutation, they were able to observe how it affected their skeletal structure.

Fascinatingly, these mice displayed a range of alterations in their bone morphology, giving us valuable insights into the potential contributions of this ancient DNA variant to the anatomical variations we see in modern humans.

This research suggests that the genetic legacy of our ancient relatives may have influenced our species-specific anatomical diversity.

During the course of human evolution, our developmental programs may have become more flexible, allowing these variations to be tolerated over time.

In conclusion, this study deepens our understanding of how ancient DNA variants can shape our physical characteristics and provides crucial evidence to support the idea that our Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestors have left a lasting impact on our genetic makeup.

So, next time you marvel at the diversity of human anatomy, remember the important role our ancient relatives played in shaping who we are today.

Stay informed and inspired with the latest science discoveries in this month's edition of Briefly Science.

I summarise 13 cutting-edge research papers spanning diverse topics, from ancient human rituals to breastfeeding's impact on education.

Learn how spaceflight affects astronaut immune systems, read about dramatic insect population declines in farmlands, and discover a potential breakthrough vaccine for chikungunya virus.

With complex studies presented in clear, engaging language, this newsletter makes groundbreaking academic research understandable and accessible for college students and non-experts alike.

Get your monthly dose of science made simple to empower and satisfy your curiosity.

Estimated reading time: 15 minutes

1: Artificial light disrupts male glow-worms' pursuit of love

Read the original paper: Artificial light impairs local attraction to females in male glow-worms

Publisher / Publication: Journal of Experimental Biology

Authors: Estelle M. Moubarak, A. Sofia David Fernandes, Alan J. A. Stewart, Jeremy E. Niven

Published: June 14th, 2023

DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245760

Are you aware of the impact that artificial lighting at night (ALAN) has on insects? Well, researchers have found that it interferes with the ability of male glow-worms to find and reach their female counterparts. This disruption in their reproduction is just one of the negative effects of ALAN on insect populations.

To understand how exactly ALAN affects male glow-worms, the researchers conducted an experiment using white illumination. They observed that as the brightness of the light increased, fewer males were able to reach a female-mimicking LED within a Y-maze. Additionally, the males took longer to reach their potential mates when exposed to brighter light.

Why are these effects happening? It turns out that male glow-worms spend more time in the central arm of the Y-maze and retract their heads beneath their head shield when exposed to brighter light. These behaviours indicate their aversion to white light.

Here's an interesting twist: when the researchers removed the illumination, the effects reversed rapidly. This shows that male glow-worms quickly return to their normal behaviour and avoid the light.

The impact of ALAN on male glow-worms extends beyond what was previously observed in field experiments. It raises concerns about the potential behavioural impacts of ALAN on other insect species that may go undetected in those experiments.

By shedding light on the negative consequences of ALAN on male glow-worms' ability to find and interact with females, this research offers valuable insights into the wider issue of insect population decline. It highlights the urgent need for further investigation into the effects of artificial lighting on various insect species, as well as the development of strategies to mitigate its negative impacts.

2: Ancient Rock Engravings Created by Homo Naledi: A Window into the Origins of Human Art

Read the original paper: 241,000 to 335,000 Years Old Rock Engravings Made by Homo naledi in the Rising Star Cave system, South Africa

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Lee R Berger, John Hawks, Agustin Fuentes, Dirk van Rooyen, Mathabela Tsikoane

Published: June 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543133

Throughout history, humans have expressed their thoughts and ideas through various forms of art. Paintings, etchings, and engravings on cave walls have provided valuable insights into our cognitive evolution.

Traditionally, these artistic expressions were believed to be exclusive to our species, Homo sapiens, during the Late Pleistocene era. However, recent research has shattered this notion by revealing that other hominin groups, such as Neanderthals and possibly Homo erectus, also left their artistic imprints.

This groundbreaking study delves into the first known example of abstract engravings found in the Dinaledi subsystem of South Africa's Rising Star Cave, created by Homo naledi.

The researchers discovered 30 meticulously engraved markings on the limestone walls of the cave. These impressive cross-hatchings and geometric shapes, deeply etched into the surface, display signs of intentional preparation and smoothing.

What makes these engravings truly remarkable is their association with Homo naledi, an ancient human species that was believed to have lived between 241,000 and 335,000 years ago. This raises intriguing questions about the cognitive abilities and meaning-making capacities of Homo naledi.

The engravings show evidence of repeated handling or rubbing, suggesting that they held significance for the individuals who created them. The application of dirt or sand to the surface by non-natural means further supports the idea that these markings were deliberately made.

By studying these ancient engravings, we gain a unique glimpse into the cognitive abilities and artistic expressions of our early human ancestors.

The evolution of meaningful symbols is considered a defining characteristic of our species. Therefore, the presence of such engravings among Homo naledi challenges our understanding of what it means to be human and pushes back the timeline for the development of artistic expression in our lineage.

This research opens up a fascinating new chapter in our exploration of human origins and provides a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of human creativity and intelligence that has shaped our history.

3: Ancient Human Ancestors: Evidence of Prehistoric Burial Practices

Read the original paper: Evidence for deliberate burial of the dead by Homo naledi

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Lee R Berger, Tebogo Makhubela, Keneiloe Molopyane, Ashley Kruger, Patrick Randolph-Quinney

Published: June 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543127

Exciting new findings in the Rising Star Cave System of South Africa have shed light on how our ancient human ancestors honoured their dead.

Researchers have unearthed the remains of the extinct hominin species Homo naledi and uncovered evidence of intentional burial practices.

By examining geological and anatomical clues, the researchers have determined that these early hominins dug holes, disrupting the layers of soil, and carefully interred the remains of H. naledi individuals.

Astonishingly, these interments date back further in time than any previous discoveries of Homo sapiens burials, leading scientists to speculate on the diversity and complexity of early mortuary practices.

The significance of this discovery cannot be overstated. It challenges the notion that only modern humans with their larger brains engaged in burial rituals, providing a glimpse into the rich cultural lives and profound reverence for the deceased held by our distant ancestors.

These findings remind us that we share a common thread with our ancient kin, demonstrating that mortuary practices were not a unique hallmark of Homo sapiens, but an integral part of human history.

As college students, we can connect with this research by reflecting on our own experiences with funerals and memorial services. Just as we gather to commemorate and honour our loved ones, it appears that our Homo naledi relatives also partook in similar rituals thousands of years ago.

These burial practices offer a fascinating window into the beliefs, emotions, and social structures of these early humans.

Such insights enhance our understanding of the complexity and depth of human cultures throughout the ages.

By venturing beyond the boundaries of our own species, this research encourages us to take a broader, more inclusive perspective on what it means to be human.

It reminds us that our history is interconnected, and that even our ancient ancestors shared fundamental aspects of our humanity.

So, as we ponder the mysteries of the past, let us remember that even in death, our long-lost relatives found ways to honour and remember those who came before.

4: How Common Is Natural Conception After Assisted Reproductive Technology?

Read the original paper: How common is natural conception in women who have had a livebirth via assisted reproductive technology? Systematic review and meta-analysis

Publisher / Publication: Oxford University Press

Authors: Annette Thwaites, Jennifer Hall, Geraldine Barrett, Judith Stephenson

Published: June 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead121

Are you curious about the likelihood of conceiving naturally after using assisted reproductive technology (ART) to have a live birth?

Researchers conducted a thorough analysis to provide some answers. It is widely recognised that some women who undergo ART go on to conceive naturally, even though this phenomenon is often referred to as "miracle" pregnancies in the media.

To investigate this further, the researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies.

They searched through databases and identified 54 studies that met their criteria, including a total of 5,180 women.

Despite variations in study methodology, population, and length of follow-up, the analysis revealed that approximately one in five women (or 20%) who had a baby through ART were able to conceive naturally afterward.

These findings challenge the misconception that natural conception after ART is rare.

However, it's important to note that the studies had limitations, such as potential bias and missing data, which could affect the accuracy of the results.

To obtain more precise estimates and understand associated factors and trends over time, the researchers suggest that national data-linked studies are necessary.

This research has significant implications for couples considering further ART, as it highlights the need for tailored counselling based on more accurate data.

In conclusion, this research sheds light on the prevalence of natural conception following ART-assisted live births.

Contrary to popular belief, it is not uncommon for women to conceive naturally after ART, and further studies are needed to provide more accurate estimates and insights into this subject.

5: Major Genetic Risk Factors for Dupuytren's Disease Link to Our Ancient Neanderthal Relatives

Read the original paper: Major Genetic Risk Factors for Dupuytren's Disease Are Inherited From Neandertals

Publisher / Publication: Oxford University Press

Authors: Richard Ågren, Snehal Patil, Xiang Zhou, Kristoffer Sahlholm, Svante Pääbo

Published: June 14th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad130

Do you know anyone who has fingers permanently bent in a flexed position? This condition, known as Dupuytren's disease, affects a significant number of older men in northern Europe.

Surprisingly, people of African ancestry are rarely affected by this condition.

Scientists have been investigating this puzzling phenomenon, and their research has uncovered some fascinating insights.

In a recent study, researchers examined the DNA of thousands of individuals with Dupuytren's disease and compared it to a large group of healthy individuals.

Through this analysis, they identified 61 specific genetic variants that are strongly associated with the disease.

What's even more intriguing is that three of these variants can be traced back to our ancient Neanderthal relatives, who lived thousands of years ago!

One of these Neanderthal-derived variants, in particular, stood out as the most significant.

The researchers discovered that this variant is linked to a specific gene called EPDR1, which is believed to play a key role in the development of Dupuytren's disease.

This breakthrough discovery provides valuable insight into the origins of the condition and sheds light on the differences in disease prevalence among different populations.

While Dupuytren's disease is more common in northern Europe, its rarity among individuals of African descent suggests that genetic factors inherited from our ancient Neanderthal relatives may be responsible for this regional variation.

Understanding the genetic basis of diseases like Dupuytren's can have broader implications for healthcare and further our knowledge of human evolution.

By unraveling the connections between our genetic heritage and specific medical conditions, scientists can pave the way for more targeted treatments and interventions in the future.

This research highlights the fascinating ways in which ancient humans, like Neanderthals, continue to influence our health today.

It reminds us that our genetic history has a profound impact on our present-day experiences and health outcomes.

Through scientific exploration, we gain a deeper understanding of our ancient roots and the complexities of being human.

6: Burials and Engravings in the Small-Brained Hominin Homo naledi: Unveiling Ancient Rituals and Challenging Evolutionary Assumptions

Read the original paper: Burials and engravings in a small-brained hominin, Homo naledi, from the late Pleistocene: contexts and evolutionary implications

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Agustin Fuentes, March Kissel, Penny Spikins, Keneiloe Molopyane, John Hawks

Published: June 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.01.543135

Picture this: a group of researchers uncovering evidence of burial practices in our ancient human ancestors.

Wait, did you think only modern humans had mortuary rituals? Think again!

Recent findings in the Dinaledi caves bring to light intriguing discoveries about Homo naledi, a small-brained hominin that lived during the late Pleistocene period.

In these subterranean spaces, the researchers stumbled upon the earliest examples of multiple interments and funerary actions by Homo naledi.

This mind-boggling evidence challenges long-held ideas about the development of cognitive abilities and behaviours in our ancestors. It turns out that the creation of meaning and the practice of burial rituals are not exclusive to species with big brains.

These findings not only push back the timeline for the origins of mortuary and funerary behaviours but also shed light on the diversity of our ancestors' socio-cognitive niche.

Before this discovery, it was commonly assumed that technological and cognitive advances were solely linked to the evolution of larger brains. However, the association of these activities with a small-brained species introduces a whole new perspective.

Imagine the implications! Our understanding of human evolution and the role of encephalisation might not be as straightforward as we once believed.

If Homo naledi, with its modest brain, could engage in such meaningful activities, perhaps our ancestors' socio-cognitive capabilities were more varied than we ever imagined.

So, what does this mean for you, a curious college student? It means that the intricate tapestry of human history is still unraveling, challenging us to question what we thought we knew.

These findings remind us that even with our limited knowledge, we possess the ability to unravel the mysteries of our distant past.

The ancient rituals and engravings of Homo naledi bring us closer to understanding our shared humanity and the complexity of our ancestors' lives.

They beckon us to explore further, to dig deeper, and to embrace the ever-present quest for knowledge about our origins.

7: New Millipede Species Discovered in Southern California: Shedding Light on the Hidden World beneath Our Feet

Read the original paper: A new species of  Illacme  from southern California ( Siphonophorida ,  Siphonorhinidae )

Publisher / Publication: ZooKeys

Authors: Paul E. Marek, Charity L. Hall, Cedric Lee, James Bailey, Matt C. Berger

Published: June 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1167.102537

Have you ever wondered what lies beneath the soil, hidden from our view? It turns out, there is a whole world of millipedes living in the deep soil that we know very little about.

These small and threadlike creatures are slow-moving, lack pigmentation, and rarely cross our paths due to their secretive underground lifestyle.

In particular, the Siphonorhinidae family, which includes four genera and 12 species, has a scattered distribution across California, southern Africa, Madagascar, the Malay Archipelago, and Indo-Burma.

In the Western Hemisphere, we have only discovered one genus of this unique family called Illacme, found in California.

The researchers have recently identified a new species within this family, known as Illacme socal, thriving in the soil microhabitats of the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

This remarkable discovery, along with the documentation of other remarkable millipede species, shines a light on the untapped potential of these mysterious subterranean creatures.

However, the researchers also highlight a pressing concern.

As human settlement expands and natural habitats are lost, these millipedes and their subterranean companions face a growing threat.

Ensuring the survival and conservation of Illacme socal and its fellow subterranean fauna must become a priority, enabling us to better understand and appreciate the profound biodiversity that exists beneath our feet.

By exploring this hidden frontier, we can uncover an entirely new realm of biodiversity that has remained largely unexplored and under-appreciated.

From studying these elusive creatures, we can gain valuable insights into their adaptations, behaviours, and ecological roles. Moreover, we can become more aware of the potential consequences of human activities on these delicate subterranean ecosystems.

In the pursuit of knowledge, the researchers urge us to recognise the importance of preserving these subterranean habitats, which act as a natural laboratory for understanding the intricate web of life beneath the soil.

Embracing a conservation mindset can help protect Illacme socal and its fellow subterranean species, fostering a deeper appreciation for the hidden wonders that exist within our own backyard.

8: Does Coffee Actually Make You More Alert? A Neurobiological Perspective

Read the original paper: Coffee consumption decreases the connectivity of the posterior Default Mode Network (DMN) at rest

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Maria Picó-Pérez, Ricardo Magalhães, Madalena Esteves, Rita Vieira, Teresa C. Castanho

Published: June 28th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1176382

If you're one of the many coffee enthusiasts who rely on a cup of joe to kickstart your day, you've probably heard claims about increased alertness, improved motor skills, and sharper thinking. But have you ever wondered if there's any truth to these claims?

Well, researchers have taken a dive into the world of coffee consumption and its effects on our brains.

Using a cutting-edge approach called functional connectivity, the researchers analysed the brain activity of habitual coffee drinkers during periods of rest.

What they found was quite fascinating.

It turns out that coffee consumption actually has an impact on the way different regions of our brain communicate with each other.

The study revealed that connectivity within a network called the posterior Default Mode Network (DMN) decreased after consuming coffee. This network is responsible for our mind-wandering and daydreaming moments. In other words, coffee seems to make it harder for our brains to drift off into those random thoughts that often occur during idle moments.

Interestingly, the researchers also discovered that coffee seemed to boost connectivity between the somatosensory/motor networks (responsible for physical sensations and movement) and the prefrontal cortex (involved in decision-making and cognitive control).

This could explain why coffee drinkers often experience heightened motor skills and increased efficiency when performing tasks.

When it came to specific brain areas, the researchers noted that coffee intake increased connectivity in nodes of the higher visual network (linked to visual processing) and the right executive control network (involved in impulse control and attention).

These findings suggest that coffee may have a positive influence on our visual perception and ability to stay focused.

It's worth mentioning that the researchers also examined the impact of caffeine alone on the brain. Surprisingly, they found that the changes in connectivity within the posterior DMN were only replicated when coffee was consumed, highlighting the unique neurochemical effects of coffee beyond just its caffeine content.

So, next time you reach for that cup of coffee in the morning, remember that there's more going on in your brain than just a caffeine kick.

Coffee seems to affect the way different brain regions interact with each other, potentially shaping our cognitive experiences and abilities.

Who knew that your morning ritual could be so intriguing from a neurobiological standpoint?

9: Unlocking the Secrets of Early Human Development: Creating a Human Embryo Model in the Lab

Read the original paper: Transgene-Free Ex Utero Derivation of A Human Post-Implantation Embryo Model Solely from Genetically Unmodified Naive PSCs

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Bernardo Oldak, Emilie Wildschutz, Vladyslav Bondarenko, Alejandro Aguilera-Castrejon, Cheng Zhao

Published: June 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544922

Studying the earliest stages of human development has always posed ethical and technical challenges.

Researchers have made remarkable progress in creating models of human embryos in the lab, but these models have been limited in their ability to replicate all the key tissues and structures that form during post-implantation development.

However, a groundbreaking study using genetically unmodified human stem cells has now successfully created a comprehensive model that closely mimics the early stages of human development.

Using a technique previously developed in mice, the researchers have managed to generate a model that includes not only the embryonic tissues but also the extra-embryonic structures essential for development.

By avoiding genetic modifications and by adapting the method for human cells, the researchers have produced a stem cell-based model that accurately represents the organisation of early human embryos.

Through this unique model, the researchers have been able to observe the formation of important structures such as the bilaminar disk, the amniotic cavity, and the connective stalk.

Additionally, the model replicates key processes including the specification of primordial germ cells and the formation of the primary and secondary yolk sacs.

This new platform, developed by the researchers, provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the intricate processes that occur during early human development.

By recreating previously inaccessible stages of development, this model opens the door to a deeper understanding of human embryogenesis.

By unlocking the secrets of early human development, this research has the potential to contribute to breakthroughs in reproductive medicine and regenerative therapies.

Furthermore, it offers a unique tool for studying the effects of environmental factors on embryonic development and for testing the safety and efficacy of new drugs.

The creation of this comprehensive human embryo model brings us one step closer to unravelling the mysteries of life's earliest stages, ultimately benefiting both science and society.

10: Understanding How Space Travel Affects our Immune System: Insights from Astronaut Blood Cells

Read the original paper: The transcriptome response of astronaut leukocytes to long missions aboard the International Space Station reveals immune modulation

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Daniel Stratis, Guy Trudel, Lynda Rocheleau, Martin Pelchat, Odette Laneuville

Published: June 22nd, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171103

A new study conducted by researchers has provided valuable insights into the effects of space travel on the immune system.

Spaceflight has been known to cause various changes in the body, and this study specifically examined how long-duration missions aboard the International Space Station (ISS) impact the immune system at a molecular level. 

To understand these effects, the researchers collected and analysed blood samples from 14 male and female astronauts throughout different stages of their space missions.

They used RNA sequencing to measure gene expression in the astronauts' white blood cells, and employed advanced statistical techniques to identify changes in gene activity over time. 

The analysis revealed two distinct patterns in gene expression: one showing a decrease followed by an increase, and the other showing an increase followed by a decrease. These patterns were observed as the astronauts transitioned to and from space.

Interestingly, these patterns eventually converged towards average gene expression levels after approximately 2 to 6 months in space. 

Further examination of the gene expression changes during space travel showed that certain genes were consistently down-regulated upon reaching space and up-regulated upon returning to Earth. This suggests that entering space triggers immune suppression, while returning to Earth leads to immune reactivation. 

The researchers also explored how specific biological processes were affected during these transitions. They found that entering space resulted in increased cell housekeeping functions and reduced cell proliferation, indicating immune suppression. On the other hand, returning to Earth corresponded with immune reactivation. 

These findings provide important insights into the immune modulation that occurs during space travel and shed light on the remarkable adaptive changes our cells undergo to cope with extreme environments.

By better understanding how space affects our immune system, we can develop strategies to mitigate the risks associated with extended space missions.

This research brings us one step closer to safely exploring the vast unknowns of space.

11: Safety and Effectiveness of a Single-Shot Chikungunya Vaccine: A Breakthrough in Protecting Against a Debilitating Virus

Read the original paper: Safety and immunogenicity of a single-shot live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine: a double-blind, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

Publisher / Publication: The Lancet

Authors: Martina Schneider, Marivic Narciso-Abraham, Sandra Hadl, Robert McMahon, Sebastian Toepfer

Published: June 24th, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00641-4

Imagine a world where a single vaccine can shield you from the devastating effects of chikungunya virus. That future is now within reach, as a group of researchers has conducted a groundbreaking study on the safety and effectiveness of a live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine.

The study, conducted across 43 reputable vaccine trial sites in the USA, engaged healthy volunteers aged 18 and above.

Participants were carefully selected, ensuring exclusion of individuals with a history of chikungunya virus infection, immune-mediated or chronic arthritis, or recent administration of inactivated or live vaccines.

A total of 4,128 participants were enrolled in this double-blind, multi-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Out of this number, 3,093 received the life-changing vaccine, while 1,035 were given a placebo. Throughout the trial, the dedicated researchers meticulously monitored safety and immune response data up to six months after vaccination.

The ultimate goal was to determine the proportion of participants who, after just one shot of the vaccine, exhibited a significant antibody response against chikungunya virus. The antibody level was assessed by a sophisticated micro plaque reduction neutralisation test.

Remarkably, the results showed that a staggering 98.9% of participants who received the vaccine developed seroprotective chikungunya virus neutralising antibodies. This clearly demonstrates the vaccine's potential to provide robust protection against the virus.

Safety analyses were performed on all recipients of the vaccine, showcasing the researchers' unwavering commitment to ensuring the well-being of participants. Moreover, immunogenicity analyses were carried out on a subset of participants, meticulously selected based on their adherence to the study's guidelines.

This groundbreaking research is a significant stride towards alleviating the burden imposed by chikungunya virus, a severe illness characterised by debilitating joint pain. With further advancements, this breakthrough vaccine could revolutionise our ability to prevent and combat this disease, sparing countless individuals from its grip.

As we eagerly await the next steps, let us acknowledge the tremendous efforts invested by these dedicated scientists. Their unwavering commitment to safeguarding our health motivates us to envision a brighter future, free from the fear and suffering caused by chikungunya virus.

12: The Decline of Insects in Farmland: An Alarming Trend

Read the original paper: Invertebrate biodiversity continues to decline in cropland

Publisher / Publication: Royal Society

Authors: Francesca Mancini, Rob Cooke, Ben A. Woodcock, Arran Greenop, Andrew C. Johnson

Published: June 7th, 2023

DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0897

Modern agricultural practices have significantly transformed our landscapes and put immense pressure on wildlife populations.

Over the past three decades, agricultural systems have seen changes in policies and management approaches, with a growing focus on sustainability.

It is of utmost importance to comprehend the long-term consequences of agriculture on the well-being of beneficial insects, and ascertain whether the recently introduced policies and management practices are aiding in their recovery. 

In this study, researchers have analysed extensive datasets collected by citizen scientists to reveal the trends in insect population in Great Britain from 1990 to 2019.

The analysis compares these trends across regions with varying levels of cropland cover: no cropland, low cropland (0-50% cover), and high cropland (over 50% cover), which includes arable and horticultural crops. While overall declines in insect populations have been observed, the most significant declines are found in regions with high cropland cover. This suggests that despite improvements in policy and management over the last three decades, our approach to managing cropland is failing to protect and restore insect communities.

These findings highlight the urgency to implement new policy-based drivers and incentives that promote the resilience and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems.

With the recent changes in UK agricultural policy post-Brexit and the reforms under the Environment Act, there exists an opportunity to enhance agricultural landscapes for the benefit of both biodiversity and society.

As college students, we may not immediately connect with the intricacies of agricultural systems, but this research brings to light a critical issue that affects us all.

Insects, often overlooked and undervalued, play an integral role in our ecosystems. They are responsible for pollinating crops that provide us with food, help in natural pest control, and contribute to the overall health and balance of our environment.

It is essential that we acknowledge the impact of agricultural practices on insect populations and recognise the need for sustainable approaches that safeguard their habitats.

Understanding the decline of insects in farmland serves as a reminder that the decisions we make regarding our food system have far-reaching consequences.

By supporting policies and practices that prioritise the well-being of not only insects but also the broader biodiversity, we can create a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.

13: What Impact Have BMI Policies Had on Hip Replacement Surgery?

Read the original paper: What effect have commissioners’ policies for body mass index had on hip replacement surgery?: an interrupted time series analysis from the National Joint Registry for England

Publisher / Publication: BMC Medicine

Authors: Joanna McLaughlin, Ruth Kipping, Amanda Owen-Smith, Hugh McLeod, Samuel Hawley

Published: June 13th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02899-3

Have you ever wondered how policies regarding body mass index (BMI) affect access to hip replacement surgery? Well, a group of researchers in England conducted a study to find out. They wanted to understand the impact of BMI policies on access to hip replacement surgery and whether these policies contribute to health inequalities.

Using data from the National Joint Registry, the researchers analysed information from over 480,000 patients who underwent primary hip replacement surgery between January 2009 and December 2019. They focused on policies introduced by local healthcare commissioners to alter access to surgery based on BMI.

The study used an interrupted time series analysis and difference-in-differences approach to examine changes in surgery rates and patient demographics over time.

Interestingly, the researchers found that areas that implemented BMI policies initially had higher surgery rates compared to those without such policies. However, after policy implementation, surgery rates in those areas decreased, while rates in areas without policies increased.

The researchers also discovered that "strict" policies involving a BMI threshold for surgery led to the largest decrease in surgery rates.

Furthermore, the study revealed that localities with BMI policies had a higher proportion of independently funded surgeries.

This suggests increasing health inequalities, as more affluent patients were receiving surgery. Policies that enforced longer waiting times before surgery were associated with worsening pre-operative symptom scores and rising obesity rates.

In light of these findings, the researchers recommend that BMI policies involving extra waiting time or mandatory BMI thresholds should no longer be implemented to limit access to hip replacement surgery. They emphasise the importance of considering patient outcomes and addressing health inequalities when making policy decisions.

This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and commissioners, highlighting the counterproductive effects of BMI policies on patient outcomes and inequalities. It prompts us to reconsider the use of such policies and advocate for better approaches to ensure fair and equal access to hip replacement surgery.

That’s it for this month.

Thanks for reading.

See you next month.

Claudia Brady.

Discover the latest scientific breakthroughs and insights with this month's Briefly Science newsletter.

This month, I summarise 11 cutting-edge research papers covering diverse topics - from plastic-eating microbes in the Arctic to antibiotic breakthroughs against superbugs.

Learn how early-life experiences shape pain perception, get the facts on the health impact of contaminated airplane air, and read about evidence that an elusive woodpecker may still exist.

With complex studies presented in engaging language, this newsletter makes groundbreaking academic research understandable for college students and non-experts alike.

Stay curious and empower yourself through science made simple.

Estimated reading time: 11 minutes

1: Uncovering a Rare Case: Lymphoma in a Mouse after Receiving a COVID-19 Vaccine

Read the original paper: B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma following intravenous BNT162b2 mRNA booster in a BALB/c mouse: A case report

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Sander Eens, Manon Van Hecke, Kasper Favere, Thomas Tousseyn, Pieter-Jan Guns

Published: May 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1158124

The global effort to combat COVID-19 led to the rapid development and administration of various vaccines, including two that use innovative messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology.

While these vaccines have proven effective in reducing hospitalisations and deaths, there have been reports of certain adverse events.

One such rare event that has raised concerns is the development of malignant lymphomas, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

In this study, researchers present the first documented case of B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in a BALB/c mouse following a high-dose mRNA COVID-19 booster vaccination (BNT162b2).

The mouse, only 14 weeks old, succumbed to spontaneous death with extensive tumour growth throughout multiple organs, such as the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and spleen, just two days after the booster shot (16 days after the initial vaccination).

Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that the tumor had a B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma immunophenotype, as it showed positive staining for CD19, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and c-MYC.

While this case adds to previous reports of lymphoma development in humans following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, establishing a definitive cause-and-effect relationship remains difficult.

As a result, it is crucial to remain vigilant in reporting similar cases and further investigating the mechanisms underlying this potential association.

Understanding the overall safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines will contribute to informed decision-making and promote public health.

2: The Impact of Plant-Based Diets on Heart Health: What the Research Reveals

Read the original paper: Vegetarian or vegan diets and blood lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

Publisher / Publication: European Heart Journal

Authors: Caroline A Koch, Emilie W Kjeldsen, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt

Published: May 24th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad211

As our society becomes increasingly aware of environmental concerns, there has been a rising interest in plant-based diets. But what effect do these diets have on our heart health? A recent comprehensive analysis, conducted by researchers, examined the results of multiple studies to shed light on this important question.

The study focused on well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death worldwide. By examining the impact of vegetarian and vegan diets on blood lipid levels, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B (apoB), the researchers aimed to determine whether plant-based diets can reduce the risk of heart disease.

To conduct their analysis, the researchers gathered and analysed data from randomised controlled trials published between 1980 and October 2022.

These trials compared the effects of vegetarian or vegan diets to an omnivorous diet on blood lipid levels in adults aged 18 or older. The results were calculated using a random-effects model to provide a comprehensive overview.

The analysis included thirty trials, and the findings were striking. Compared to those following an omnivorous diet, individuals on plant-based diets experienced significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoB levels. These effects were consistent across various factors such as age, continent, duration of study, health status, intervention diet, intervention program, and study design.

Importantly, plant-based diets showed potential in reducing the burden of atherosclerosis, a key contributor to cardiovascular disease, by lowering levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. However, no significant difference was observed in triglyceride levels.

These findings provide valuable insights for individuals concerned about their heart health. Incorporating plant-based diets into one's lifestyle could have positive implications for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

As you consider the implications of this research, it is crucial to understand that each individual's health journey is unique. Consulting with healthcare professionals and considering personal circumstances is essential when making any dietary changes.

In conclusion, this research highlights the potential benefits of vegetarian and vegan diets in lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and apoB levels. By choosing plant-based options, individuals can take positive steps towards safeguarding their heart health and mitigating the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

3: The Molecular Secrets Behind Being Pain-Free: Insights from Cutting-Edge Research

Read the original paper: Molecular basis of FAAH-OUT-associated human pain insensitivity

Publisher / Publication: Brain

Authors: Hajar Mikaeili, Abdella M Habib, Charlix Wai-Lok Yeung, Sonia Santana-Varela, Ana P Luiz

Published: May 24th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad098

Chronic pain is a global problem, affecting millions of people who desperately seek relief. The quest for innovative treatments has led researchers to explore the biological malfunctions associated with inherited pain insensitivity disorders in humans.

In a groundbreaking study, scientists have uncovered the intricate workings of an elusive gene called FAAH-OUT, which plays a crucial role in human pain perception.

This remarkable finding sprang from investigating an extraordinary patient who displayed an intriguing trio of pain insensitivity, reduced anxiety, and swift wound healing. 

The researchers discovered that FAAH-OUT, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gene found in specific regions of the brain and the dorsal root ganglia, orchestrates the activity of a neighboring gene called FAAH.

FAAH is responsible for encoding an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which degrades anandamide, a key component of the body's endocannabinoid system.

The disruption of FAAH-OUT lncRNA transcription triggers a cascade of events, leading to methylation of the FAAH promoter, under the influence of a protein called DNMT1.

Interestingly, FAAH-OUT also houses a regulatory element called FAAH-AMP, which acts as an enhancer, contributing to the expression of FAAH. 

By analysing cells derived from patients, the researchers unearthed a interconnected network of genes that experience dysregulation as a result of the disruption to the FAAH-FAAH-OUT axis.

This comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms sheds light on the observed human phenotype, with pain insensitivity intertwined with lowered anxiety levels and accelerated wound healing.

Significantly, since FAAH represents a prospective target for treating various neurological conditions, such as pain, anxiety, and depression, comprehending the regulatory role of the FAAH-OUT gene offers a solid foundation for the development of gene and small molecule therapies in the future. 

In a nutshell, this pioneering research unravels the mystery behind FAAH-OUT-associated pain insensitivity, where a lack of pain is accompanied by reduced anxiety and enhanced wound healing.

The FAAH-OUT long non-coding RNA gene takes charge of FAAH expression using two transcription-dependent mechanisms.

These groundbreaking findings open doors to potential gene therapy approaches, promising a transformation in our ability to address pain and related neurological disorders.

4: High levels of floating sea life in the plastic-infested North Pacific Garbage Patch

Read the original paper: High concentrations of floating neustonic life in the plastic-rich North Pacific Garbage Patch

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Fiona Chong, Matthew Spencer, Nikolai Maximenko, Jan Hafner, Andrew C. McWhirter

Published: May 4th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001646

The ocean's surface is teeming with floating life that plays a critical role in sustaining the delicate food web.

Surprisingly, only one area of the world, the Sargasso Sea in the Subtropical North Atlantic, is known to have high concentrations of floating organisms.

These remarkable creatures provide vital structure to their habitat and serve as essential contributors to the ecosystem. However, researchers believe that similar concentrations of floating life can be found in other regions where surface currents converge.

To investigate this hypothesis, a group of scientists collected samples from the eastern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in a location known as the North Pacific "Garbage Patch."

This area is notorious for accumulating an alarming amount of human-made debris.

The researchers discovered that the central part of the Garbage Patch contained significantly higher densities of floating life compared to its periphery.

Interestingly, they also observed a positive correlation between the abundance of floating organisms and the amount of plastic waste for three out of five specific types of sea life, namely Velella, Porpita, and Janthina.

These findings shed light on the intricacies of subtropical oceanic gyre ecosystems and their inhabitants. Moreover, they underscore the alarming impact of plastic pollution on marine life.

As college students, we have a unique opportunity to understand and address these environmental challenges. They are not abstract concepts confined to scientific journals, but real-world problems that affect the very ecosystems we rely on for our livelihood.

By recognising the interconnectedness of our actions with the health of our oceans, we can take steps to reduce plastic waste and protect the abundance of floating sea life that enriches our planet.

Future research in this field holds the potential to guide policy decisions and shape our collective efforts towards a sustainable future.

Together, we can make a difference and ensure a healthy and vibrant marine environment for generations to come.

5: Giardia duodenalis and dysentery: Uncovering Ancient Health Challenges in Iron Age Jerusalem

Read the original paper: Giardia duodenalis  and dysentery in Iron Age Jerusalem (7th–6th century BCE)

Publisher / Publication: Cambridge University Press

Authors: Piers D. Mitchell, Tianyi Wang, Ya'akov Billig, Yuval Gadot, Peter Warnock

Published: May 26th, 2023

DOI: 10.1017/S0031182023000410

Did you know that the ancient city of Jerusalem, during the Iron Age, might have been plagued with a parasitic infection called dysentery?

This exciting research delves into the intriguing possibility that the protozoa causing dysentery were present in the capital of the Kingdom of Judah long ago.

By examining samples from latrines dating back to the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, the researchers aimed to shed light on the health challenges faced by the ancient inhabitants.

Previous microscopic investigations revealed that the users of these latrines were already suffering from infections such as whipworm, roundworm, tapeworm, and pinworm. However, identifying the fragile protozoa responsible for dysentery is notoriously challenging due to their inability to survive in ancient samples recognisable under light microscopy.

To tackle this problem, the researchers employed sophisticated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, specifically designed to detect antigens of three possible culprits: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium sp., and Giardia duodenalis.

The results were intriguing. While Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium were absent, Giardia was unequivocally detected in both latrine sediments, verified through three repetitions of the analysis.

This groundbreaking discovery provides the first microbiological evidence of infectious diarrhoeal illnesses that likely affected ancient populations in the near east.

Moreover, integrating descriptions from Mesopotamian medical texts spanning the 2nd and 1st millennium BCE suggests that outbreaks of dysentery caused by giardiasis may have contributed to widespread ill health in early towns across the region.

By unraveling these ancient health challenges, this research not only expands our understanding of the daily struggles faced by the people of Iron Age Jerusalem but also highlights the enduring nature of infectious diseases throughout history.

Such insights remind us of the vital importance of public health measures, ensuring the well-being of communities then and now.

6: Streptothricin F: An Antibiotic That Kills Superbugs

Read the original paper: Streptothricin F is a bactericidal antibiotic effective against highly drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria that interacts with the 30S subunit of the 70S ribosome

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Christopher E. Morgan, Yoon-Suk Kang, Alex B. Green, Kenneth P. Smith, Matthew G. Dowgiallo

Published: May 16th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002091

In the 1940s, researchers discovered a natural compound called streptothricin F (S-F) which showed amazing potential in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.

This study dives deeper into the effectiveness of S-F against highly resistant gram-negative bacteria.

The researchers purified S-F and another compound called streptothricin D (S-D) and tested their activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and Acinetobacter baumannii, both notorious for their resistance to drugs.

The results were impressive, with S-F and S-D exhibiting strong bactericidal effects.

The researchers also compared the selectivity of S-F and S-D for bacterial ribosomes versus human ribosomes.

They found that S-F and S-D specifically targeted the bacterial ribosomes while sparing the human ones, making them potentially safe for human use.

Furthermore, in an animal model, S-F showed a significant therapeutic effect against a notorious drug-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae without causing much harm.

To understand how S-F interacts with bacteria, the researchers used advanced imaging techniques and discovered that S-F binds tightly to the bacterial ribosome.

This binding disrupts the ribosome's functioning and impairs the bacteria's ability to synthesise important proteins. The researchers believe that this action is what ultimately kills the bacteria.

Given these exciting findings, the streptothricin F compound should be further explored as a potential therapy for drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Its unique properties and strong bacterial-killing effects have the potential to combat highly resistant superbugs that pose a serious threat to human health.

Streptothricin F could be a valuable addition to our arsenal in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

7: Evidence Suggests the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker May Still Exist in Louisiana

Read the original paper: Multiple lines of evidence suggest the persistence of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis ) in Louisiana

Publisher / Publication: Wiley

Authors: Steven C. Latta, Mark A. Michaels, Thomas C. Michot, Peggy L. Shrum, Patricia Johnson

Published: May 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10017

The decline of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker has a long and complex history. However, controversy surrounds its status since the last widely accepted sighting in continental North America in 1944.

Reports of the bird have persisted, yet none have met the criteria for general acceptance by experts and birdwatchers.

Recently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed declaring the species extinct.

This research presents evidence suggesting the presence of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker in our study site over a ten-year search period from 2012 to 2022.

The researchers collected a multitude of data to bolster their case, including visual observations, thousands of hours of audio recordings, hundreds of thousands of camera footage hours, and over a thousand hours of video captured from drone flights.

Through these various lines of evidence, they noted intermittent but repeated sightings of individual birds displaying field marks and behaviours consistent with the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker.

The data also indicate the recurring use of foraging sites and core habitat by the birds.

The findings challenge the notion of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker's extinction, suggesting that hope may still exist for the species.

Declaring it extinct prematurely may be unwarranted based on the researchers' compelling evidence.

While the debate continues, this research sheds light on the potential persistence of this species, which holds implications for our understanding of conservation efforts and preserving biodiversity.

Understanding the predicament of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker and the evidence presented in this research invites us to consider the delicate balance between human impact and the survival of endangered species.

It serves as a reminder of the intricate relationship between our actions and the well-being of the natural world.

Recognising the importance of careful observation and rigorous scientific inquiry, we must remain open to the possibility that the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker may still grace our forests in Louisiana.

8: Larger pollen loads put bumblebees at risk of overheating, study finds

Read the original paper: Larger pollen loads increase risk of heat stress in foraging bumblebees

Publisher / Publication: Royal Society

Authors: Malia Naumchik, Elsa Youngsteadt

Published: May 17th, 2023

DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0581

Bumblebee populations around the world are dwindling due to climate change, but we still don't fully understand how exactly rising temperatures are affecting these vital pollinators.

To shed some light on this issue, researchers delved into the potential for heat stress in bumblebees while they go about their essential task of foraging for pollen.

While previous lab experiments have shown that pollen foraging can cause bees to heat up, no one has investigated this phenomenon in bumblebees or in real-life foraging scenarios. 

In their study, the researchers focused on how the size of pollen loads affects the temperature of Bombus impatiens workers in the field.

Taking into account body size and the local microclimate, they found that an increase in pollen load of just one milligram caused a temperature rise of 0.07°C. Across the range of observed pollen loads, this translated to a staggering 2°C increase in thoracic temperature.

Interestingly, bumblebees carrying pollen were predicted to have temperatures 1.7–2.2°C hotter than their pollen-free counterparts. This means that under certain conditions, pollen loads could push B. impatiens workers from a safe body temperature range to the limits of what they can tolerate (41.3°C to 48.4°C).

Given these findings, it is likely that bumblebees employ behavioural or physiological strategies to mitigate the thermal stress caused by pollen transport. However, these coping mechanisms might also limit their foraging opportunities, especially as environmental temperatures continue to rise.

It is crucial that we pay attention to the impact of heat stress on bumblebees, as they play a crucial role in pollinating our crops and sustaining our ecosystems.

By understanding the challenges these remarkable creatures face due to climate change, we can work towards developing effective conservation strategies to safeguard their survival and protect our own food security.

9: Discovery of Microbes that Break Down Plastic in Cold Environments

Read the original paper: Discovery of plastic-degrading microbial strains isolated from the alpine and Arctic terrestrial plastisphere

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Joel Rüthi, Mattia Cerri, Ivano Brunner, Beat Stierli, Michael Sander

Published: May 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178474

Plastic pollution is a growing problem across the world.

It's no secret that we produce a lot of plastic and a significant amount of it ends up in our environment.

This calls for a more sustainable approach to plastic use and disposal.

One potential solution lies in the power of microorganisms to degrade plastic. But until now, most of the research has focused on high temperatures, ignoring the role of cold environments. 

In this study, researchers found 34 strains of cold-adapted microbes that have the ability to break down plastic.

They discovered these microbes by burying plastic in alpine and Arctic soils and collecting plastics directly from Arctic environments.

The researchers then tested the ability of these microbes to degrade various types of plastic, including conventional polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable plastics such as polyester-polyurethane (PUR) and polylactic acid (PLA).

The results were promising.

Some strains were able to degrade the biodegradable plastic films ecovio® and BI-OPL, as well as the dispersed PUR, but not PE.

Additionally, certain microbial strains showed potential for depolymerizing PBAT, another type of biodegradable plastic.

Notably, two strains, Neodevriesia and Lachnellula, were able to degrade all tested biodegradable plastics, making them particularly exciting for future applications.

Interestingly, the composition of the culturing medium influenced the microbial plastic degradation, with different strains thriving under different conditions.

This finding highlights the importance of understanding the optimal conditions for plastic degradation.

By uncovering these novel microbial strains that can break down plastic in cold environments, this research lays a strong foundation for the role of biodegradable polymers in creating a circular plastic economy.

It offers hope for a more sustainable future by shedding light on the potential of microorganisms to address plastic pollution.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of microbes in combating plastic pollution, particularly in colder environments. It highlights the need for further exploration and development of biodegradable plastics as part of a circular plastic economy.

10: The Health Effects of Breathing Contaminated Air on Airplane Flights

Read the original paper: Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events: a narrative review and medical protocol for the investigation of exposed aircrew and passengers

Publisher / Publication: BMC Environment Health

Authors: Jonathan Burdon, Lygia Therese Budnik, Xaver Baur, Gerard Hageman, C. Vyvyan Howard

Published: May 16th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12940-023-00987-8

Have you ever wondered about the quality of the air you breathe during airplane flights?

Well, for decades, researchers have been studying the consequences of inhaling fumes from engine oil and hydraulic fluid that pollute the air in aircraft cabins.

These fumes contain harmful substances like organophosphates, ultrafine particles, and volatile organic hydrocarbons.

In this research paper, the researchers review the existing literature on the health impacts of these fume events on aircrew and passengers.

Breathing in these toxic fumes has been found to cause a range of symptoms, both immediately and in the long term.

The effects can be neurological, respiratory, cardiological, and more.

Even regular exposure to small doses of these fumes can potentially harm your health, and a single larger exposure can worsen the damage.

However, assessing the toxicity of these mixtures is complicated, as it is challenging to determine the impact of individual substances when they are heated and combined together.

To address the need for a consistent approach to diagnosing and treating individuals who have been exposed to these fumes, internationally recognised experts have developed a medical protocol.

This protocol offers guidelines for recognising, investigating, and managing the toxic effects of inhaling thermally degraded engine oil and other fluids found in aircraft air conditioning systems.

It covers actions and investigations that should take place during the flight, immediately after the flight, and in subsequent follow-ups.

In summary, this research emphasises the importance of understanding the health consequences of inhaling contaminated air while flying.

By raising awareness and providing a comprehensive medical protocol, we aim to ensure the well-being of aircrew and passengers.

It is crucial to address this issue and take appropriate measures to protect ourselves when traveling by air.

11: Early-life adversity and its effects on pain and opioid tolerance in mice

Read the original paper: Early-life adversity increases morphine tolerance and persistent inflammatory hypersensitivity through upregulation of δ opioid receptors in mice

Publisher / Publication: PAIN

Authors: Sam Singleton, Claire Sneddon, Alice Bakina, Jeremy J. Lambert, Tim G. Hales

Published: May 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002925

Researchers have discovered that early-life adversity, particularly fragmented maternal care, can have long-lasting effects on pain perception and opioid tolerance in mice.

This new study sheds light on the possible mechanisms behind these effects. 

The study found that mice who experienced fragmented maternal care showed an increase in the expression of a specific type of receptor in their brains, known as δ opioid receptors.

Interestingly, this increase in receptor expression was associated with a decrease in acute pain sensitivity, meaning that these mice felt less pain in response to certain stimuli.

However, this apparent pain relief came at a cost.

The researchers observed that the mice with enhanced δ receptor expression also developed a heightened tolerance to morphine, a commonly used opioid painkiller.

This means that these mice needed higher doses of morphine to achieve the same level of pain relief as mice with normal receptor expression. 

Furthermore, the mice exposed to fragmented maternal care also exhibited increased vulnerability to persistent inflammatory hypersensitivity.

This means that once these mice experienced inflammation, they were more likely to feel heightened pain for longer periods of time.

Understanding the effects of early-life adversity on pain perception and opioid tolerance is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the long-term consequences of childhood trauma.

This research provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between early-life experiences, opioid receptors, and pain processing in the brain. By unraveling these mechanisms, scientists may be able to identify potential targets for interventions aimed at improving pain management in individuals who have experienced early-life adversity.

While this study was conducted in mice, the findings have important implications for humans.

Many individuals have faced various forms of early-life adversity, and understanding how these experiences shape pain perception and opioid tolerance can help guide future research and interventions in human populations.

That’s it for this month.

Thanks for reading.

See you next month.

Claudia Brady.

Welcome to this month's issue of Briefly Science!

In this newsletter, you'll discover the latest findings from academic research on topics ranging from environmental science to public health. From cultured meat's impact on the planet to the benefits of minimum alcohol pricing, these summaries make complex studies accessible.

Get this month's selection of thought-provoking research and expand your scientific knowledge.

Whether you just read one or devour them all, we hope you'll come away with new perspectives. Set aside around 8 minutes and dive into another glimpse of modern science in progress.

1: The Environmental Impact of Cultured Meat: Assessing the Journey from Farm to Plate

Read the original paper: Environmental impacts of cultured meat: A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Derrick Risner, Yoonbin Kim, Cuong Nguyen, Justin B. Siegel, Edward S. Spang

Published: April 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.537778

Have you ever wondered about the environmental consequences of our meat consumption? Well, a group of researchers recently conducted a groundbreaking study to shed light on this issue. They focused on a hot topic in the food industry - cultured meat, also known as animal cell-based meat (ACBM). The researchers aimed to understand the potential environmental impact of ACBM production, which holds promise as an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional livestock farming.

To carry out their analysis, the researchers evaluated the entire life cycle of ACBM production - from the creation of the meat in a lab to its delivery to consumers. They discovered that although ACBM production is currently at a small scale and not financially profitable, companies are eager to expand and industrialize its production in the near future.

The study used updated data from recent assessments of ACBM and examined the manufacturing process of a key component called Essential 8™. By considering the requirements for ACBM growth and the processing of growth medium components, the researchers analysed various scenarios to assess the environmental impact of near-term ACBM production.

The findings of this study are eye-opening. If ACBM production utilizes a highly refined growth medium, the environmental impact is projected to be significantly higher than traditional beef production. In fact, the results suggest that ACBM production could lead to environmental consequences many times greater than those caused by the average beef production process.

This research provides valuable insights into the potential implications of transitioning to cultured meat. As you reflect on this study, you might question the broader sustainability of our current meat consumption habits. Perhaps contemplating the environmental impact of alternative protein sources will inspire you to consider more environmentally friendly dietary choices in the future.

2: Assessing the Impact of Affordable Alcohol Pricing on Health in Scotland

Read the original paper: Evaluating the impact of alcohol minimum unit pricing on deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland: a controlled interrupted time series study

Publisher / Publication: The Lancet

Authors: Grant M A Wyper, Daniel F Mackay, Catriona Fraser, Jim Lewsey, Mark Robinson

Published: April 22nd, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00497-X

Since May 2018, Scotland has implemented a minimum unit pricing (MUP) policy which sets a minimum price for each alcoholic drink sold. This study aims to evaluate the effects of this policy on alcohol-related deaths and hospitalisations. 

To conduct the research, the scientists analyzed data on deaths and hospitalisations directly caused by alcohol consumption. They compared the trends before and after the implementation of the MUP policy in Scotland, using data from England as a control group where the policy was not implemented.

The findings of the study reveal that MUP in Scotland resulted in a significant reduction of 13.4% in deaths caused entirely by alcohol. Hospitalizations related to alcohol consumption also decreased by 4.1%. These improvements were primarily observed in chronic conditions such as alcoholic liver disease. 

What is particularly noteworthy is that the positive effects of the MUP policy were most prominent in the socioeconomically deprived groups in Scotland. This indicates that the policy effectively addresses the inequality in health damage caused by alcohol within disadvantaged communities.

Overall, the research demonstrates that the implementation of affordable alcohol pricing through MUP has led to significant reductions in alcohol-related deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland. These findings highlight the potential benefits of such policies in combating the harmful effects of alcohol on individuals and society.

This study was funded by the Scottish Government.

3: The Impact of Air Pollution on Dementia: Uncovering the Alarming Connection

Read the original paper: Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Elissa H Wilker, Marwa Osman, Marc G Weisskopf

Published: April 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071620

Are you aware that the air we breathe might be affecting our cognitive health? A group of researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the link between air pollutants and the risk of developing dementia. They embarked on a comprehensive search of multiple databases, scrutinizing studies that followed adults over time and examined the impact of specific air pollutants on clinical dementia. The researchers focused on pollutants regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency, as well as factors associated with traffic pollution. 

After meticulously selecting and analyzing 51 relevant studies, the researchers made some profoundly concerning discoveries. Although many of the studies had some flaws, several indicators pointed towards a higher risk of dementia among individuals exposed to air pollution. Notably, an association between particulate matter and dementia emerged from the meta-analysis of 14 research papers.

The implications of the findings are significant for society as a whole. The fact that air pollution is so pervasive in our daily lives should give us pause. We all breathe the same air, and this research raises important questions about the long-term consequences of our polluted environment on our cognitive well-being. 

It is crucial to reflect on these findings and consider the potential consequences for our own lives and the lives of our loved ones. How can we protect ourselves from the harmful effects of air pollution? What changes can we make on an individual and societal level to reduce our exposure to these toxic substances? These are pressing questions that demand our attention.

To fully comprehend the magnitude of the problem, we must acknowledge that air pollution is not limited to specific regions or populations. It affects us all, regardless of our background or location. By confronting this issue head-on and seeking solutions, we have the opportunity to protect our cognitive health and future generations from the debilitating effects of dementia.

The fight against air pollution requires collective action. It necessitates collaboration among government bodies, industry leaders, healthcare professionals, and everyday citizens. Let us raise awareness, demand change, and work towards creating a healthier and cleaner environment. Only through our combined efforts can we hope to tackle this problem and safeguard our cognitive abilities for years to come.

4: The Impact of Sugar on Your Health: What Do We Really Know?

Read the original paper: Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Yin Huang, Zeyu Chen, Bo Chen, Jinze Li, Xiang Yuan

Published: April 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609

How does dietary sugar consumption affect your health? Researchers conducted a comprehensive review of existing studies to find out. They looked at the evidence, potential biases, and validity of numerous studies on the topic. The results were eye-opening.

The study involved analyzing 73 meta-analyses and 83 health outcomes from over 8,600 articles. These included various types of studies, such as randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies. The focus was on evaluating the effects of dietary sugar consumption on health outcomes in individuals without any acute or chronic diseases.

What did the research discover? Several harmful associations were found between dietary sugar consumption and various health conditions. These included 18 endocrine/metabolic outcomes, 10 cardiovascular outcomes, seven cancer outcomes, and 10 other outcomes related to neuropsychiatric, dental, hepatic, osteal, and allergic issues.

Specifically, the study found that a high intake of dietary sugar, especially from sugar-sweetened beverages, was associated with increased body weight and ectopic fatty accumulation. Furthermore, consuming sugar-sweetened beverages was linked to a higher risk of gout, coronary heart disease, and overall mortality.

The research also highlighted the potential dangers of fructose consumption. Higher fructose intake was found to be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.

Based on the findings, the researchers recommended reducing the consumption of free sugars or added sugars to less than 25 grams per day (around 6 teaspoons) and limiting the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages to less than one serving per week (around 200-355 milliliters per week). These measures are crucial for minimizing the negative impact of sugar on health, particularly in relation to cardiometabolic diseases.

In conclusion, this study underscores the harmful effects of excessive sugar consumption on your well-being, particularly in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic conditions. It offers clear suggestions for individuals to reduce their sugar intake to protect their health. It's time to take a closer look at your sugar consumption and make informed choices for a healthier future.

5: The Limitations of Large Animals' Travel Speeds: A Study on Heat Dissipation Capacities

Read the original paper: The travel speeds of large animals are limited by their heat-dissipation capacities

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Alexander Dyer, Ulrich Brose, Emilio Berti, Benjamin Rosenbaum, Myriam R. Hirt

Published: April 18th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001820

Movement is essential for animals to survive in fragmented landscapes, especially with increasing fragmentation in the Anthropocene era. To make accurate predictions about the movement capabilities of various species, researchers need mechanical models that consider traits and locomotion in a biologically realistic way. While we may assume that larger animals can travel greater distances, studies have shown that the maximum speeds of larger species are actually limited. This limitation applies not only to their overall speed but also to their travel speeds, and the cause lies in their heat-dissipation capacities. 

By considering fundamental biophysical constraints associated with energy utilisation and heat dissipation, the researchers develop a model that explains the relationship between animal body mass and aerobic travel speeds. They find that larger animals, due to their lower metabolic energy cost of locomotion, require more time to dissipate metabolic heat, resulting in limitations to their travel speeds. Using an extensive dataset of animal travel speeds encompassing 532 species, the researchers demonstrate that this allometric heat-dissipation model accurately captures the hump-shaped trends in travel speed with body mass across flying, running, and swimming animals.

This study reveals that larger animals are more restricted in their movement capacities than previously thought. They must reduce their travel speeds to avoid overheating during extended locomotion bouts, as they are unable to dissipate metabolic heat efficiently. Consequently, the highest travel speeds are achieved by animals of intermediate body mass. This mechanistic understanding of animal travel speed can be applied to various species, even when specific biological details are unknown, allowing for more realistic predictions of biodiversity dynamics in fragmented landscapes.

As college students, we can relate to the importance of movement in our daily lives. Just like animals, we need to navigate our environment efficiently to survive and thrive. Understanding the limitations of large animals' travel speeds provides valuable insights into how different species adapt and interact with their surroundings. This knowledge can help us better comprehend the impact of human activities on biodiversity and make informed decisions to protect our natural ecosystems.

6: Beverage Choices and Health: What College Students with Type 2 Diabetes Should Know

Read the original paper: Beverage consumption and mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Le Ma, Yang Hu, Derrick J Alperet, Gang Liu, Vasanti Malik

Published: April 19th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073406

Are you a college student with type 2 diabetes? The beverages you choose to drink could have a big impact on your health and well-being. A new research paper investigated how different drinks relate to mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes among adults like you. The study followed over 15,000 men and women with type 2 diabetes for an average of 18.5 years to gather its findings.

Here's what the researchers discovered: sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) were associated with a higher risk of all cause mortality and CVD incidence and mortality, meaning they significantly increased the chances of premature death or cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, coffee, tea, plain water, and low-fat milk were found to have inverse associations with all cause mortality. In simpler terms, choosing these healthy drinks was linked to a lower risk of dying early or developing cardiovascular diseases.

Notably, the study also pointed to the benefits of making smart beverage swaps. Replacing SSBs with artificially sweetened beverages was linked to lower all cause mortality and CVD mortality. Similarly, replacing SSBs, artificially sweetened beverages, fruit juice, or full-fat milk with coffee, tea, or plain water consistently showed lower risks of premature death.

The results highlight the potential impact of your beverage choices on managing your risk of cardiovascular diseases and early mortality, which is crucial for students like you with type 2 diabetes. Opting for drinks like coffee, tea, plain water, and low-fat milk could significantly improve your chances of leading a healthier and longer life.

It's important to remember that this research offers valuable insights, but it doesn't mean you have to completely cut out certain beverages from your diet. Instead, use this information to make informed choices and incorporate healthier options. By being mindful of what you drink, you can take control of your health and reduce the risks associated with type 2 diabetes.

So, next time you reach for a drink, consider the implications it may have on your health. Choose wisely and take a step towards a healthier future!

7: Impact of ultrasound in late pregnancy on undiagnosed breech presentation and baby's health: A study

Read the original paper: Impact of point-of-care ultrasound and routine third trimester ultrasound on undiagnosed breech presentation and perinatal outcomes: An observational multicentre cohort study

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Samantha Knights, Smriti Prasad, Erkan Kalafat, Anahita Dadali, Pam Sizer

Published: April 6th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004192

Knowing the position of a baby in the womb during the last stages of pregnancy is crucial for proper care.

A group of researchers wanted to find out if using ultrasound scans in late pregnancy can help detect babies in breech position (when the baby's bottom is poised to come out first instead of the head) and improve outcomes for both mother and baby.

They compared two different types of ultrasound scans: one done routinely in the third trimester, and another called point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), which is done on an as-needed basis.

The researchers gathered information from two hospitals and analyzed the data of pregnant women who received either the routine scan or POCUS.

They excluded women with certain conditions or who had a planned caesarean section for a breech presentation.

Undiagnosed breech presentation meant either women who were already in labor or had their water broken and later found out about the breech position, or women who discovered their baby was in breech position before going into labor.

The main goal was to determine the percentage of undiagnosed breech presentations among all full-term pregnancies. They also looked at other factors like the type of delivery, gestational age at birth, baby's weight, emergency caesarean section rate, and any adverse outcomes for the baby.

The results showed that both routine scans and POCUS reduced the number of undiagnosed breech presentations.

Additionally, the researchers found that babies in breech position who were detected earlier had a lower risk of complications at birth.

Overall, this study suggests that ultrasound scans in late pregnancy can help detect breech presentation, which in turn may lead to better outcomes for both mother and baby.

8: Genomic Surveillance Reveals a Global Threat to Wheat from a Highly Contagious Fungal Disease

Read the original paper: Genomic surveillance uncovers a pandemic clonal lineage of the wheat blast fungus

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Sergio M. Latorre, Vincent M. Were, Andrew J. Foster, Thorsten Langner, Angus Malmgren

Published: April 11th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002052

Wheat, a staple food for millions, is facing a pandemic from a devastating fungal disease known as wheat blast. This insidious menace has rapidly spread to Asia and Africa, originating from South America. New findings from the latest research shed light on the nature of this alarming situation, offering crucial insights for managing its impact.

By studying the genetic makeup of the wheat blast fungus, the researchers have discovered a single, widespread lineage responsible for the outbreak. Remarkably, this lineage emerged within the last decade, with separate introductions to Asia and Africa. The investigation uncovered a sliver of hope: the Rmg8 gene can provide resistance against this aggressive invader, along with certain strobilurin fungicides that prove effective in combating it.

The findings also raise concern about the potential for the pandemic clone to develop resistance to fungicides and interbreed with fungal strains from Africa. These factors demand immediate attention and reinforce the urgent need for monitoring the spread of wheat blast beyond South America. Additionally, this research lays the foundation for guiding proactive strategies in wheat breeding programs to cultivate resistant varieties.

Understanding this complex problem is crucial to anyone who values the global food supply and our daily sustenance. Picture the endless fields of golden wheat waving in the wind, upon which countless lives depend. Now, imagine these fields under threat, as a deadly fungus infiltrates the crops, causing devastation and compromising our food security. This danger is not a distant possibility, but a present reality that we must address urgently.

To protect our food source and safeguard millions from hunger, we must marshal our collective knowledge, resources, and expertise. Enhanced genomic surveillance can help us track the unpredictable spread of wheat blast, enabling rapid response measures and targeted breeding efforts to counteract this escalating threat. It is in our hands to fortify our future by staying ahead of this relentless adversary.

As individuals, we can support this critical endeavour by advocating for increased research funding, engaging in sustainable agricultural practices, and staying informed about the progress being made. By working together, we can win this battle and secure a resilient wheat supply for all, preserving our platefuls of nourishing bread and wholesome cereal for generations to come.

9: Exploring the Ancestry of the Picts: Unraveling the Genetic Connections between Ancient and Modern People of the UK

Read the original paper: Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Genetics

Authors: Adeline Morez, Kate Britton, Gordon Noble, Torsten Günther, Anders Götherström

Published: April 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360

Have you ever wondered about the mysterious origin and ancestry of the Picts – the early medieval inhabitants of Scotland? In this thought-provoking research, scientists dive deep into the Picts' genetic makeup and shed light on their fascinating connections with Iron Age, early medieval, and modern inhabitants of the United Kingdom. 

The Picts, known for their enigmatic symbols and inscriptions, have captured the curiosity of historians for centuries. By studying high-quality genomic data from Pictish remains dating back to the 5th-7th century, the researchers compare them with over 8,300 previously analyzed ancient and modern genomes. Through this analysis, they uncover striking insights into the Picts' biological relationships with other cultural groups in Britain. 

Interestingly, the study reveals distinct genetic differences between the Picts residing in Orkney and those inhabiting the mainland. Furthermore, when exploring similarities in genetic material that has been inherited over generations, the researchers find remarkable connections between present-day people in western Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Northumbria, illuminating their shared genetic heritage with the Picts. However, less genetic affinity is observed with the rest of England, the Orkney islands, and eastern Scotland, where the political centers of the Pictish kingdom once thrived. 

The research brings to light the enduring genetic continuity of the Orcadian Picts in Orkney for approximately two thousand years, with substantial shared ancestry across modern Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Orkney islands. Additionally, by examining mitochondrial DNA diversity in a Pictish burial site at Lundin Links, they uncover intriguing details about the social organization of the Picts, suggesting the absence of direct female ancestors.

By painting a vivid genetic portrait of the Picts, this study bridges the gap between ancient and modern populations in the UK and offers fresh perspectives on their fascinating history. It deepens our understanding of the Picts' heritage and sheds light on the intricate tapestry of genetic connections that shape the British Isles.

10: The Carbon Footprint of Surgical Operations: Identifying the Culprits

Read the original paper: The carbon footprint of products used in five common surgical operations: identifying contributing products and processes

Publisher / Publication: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine

Authors: Chantelle Rizan, Robert Lillywhite, Malcom Reed, Mahmood F Bhutta

Published: April 13th, 2023

DOI: 10.1177/01410768231166135

Are you curious about how certain surgical procedures impact the environment? Well, a team of researchers has conducted a study to find out the carbon footprint of products used in five common surgical operations. They wanted to determine the biggest contributors to carbon emissions and find ways to reduce them.

The researchers focused on the products used in the five most frequently performed surgical procedures in the National Health System in England. They observed 6-10 operations of each type across three sites within one NHS Foundation Trust. The aim was to get an accurate picture of the carbon emissions associated with these operations.

So, what did they find? The results showed that the carbon footprint varied across the different operations. For example, carpal tunnel decompression had a mean average carbon footprint of 12.0 kg CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalents), while knee arthroplasty had a much higher footprint of 85.5 kg CO2e.

Interestingly, the researchers found that a small percentage of product types were responsible for a large portion of the overall carbon footprint. In fact, 23% of the product types accounted for at least 80% of the emissions. The products that made the greatest contributions varied for each operation, such as single-use hand drapes for carpal tunnel decompression and bone cement mix for knee arthroplasty.

The researchers also looked at the processes involved in these operations and found that the production of single-use items was the biggest contributor to the carbon footprint. Other factors included decontamination of reusables, waste disposal of single-use items, production of packaging, and linen laundering.

To reduce the carbon footprint of these operations, the researchers suggest focusing on the products that have the greatest impact. This could involve reducing the use of single-use items and switching to reusables, as well as finding ways to optimize processes for decontamination and waste disposal.

By making these changes, the carbon footprint of these surgical operations could be reduced by 23% to 42%. This research highlights the need for changes in practice and policy to achieve more sustainable healthcare.

So, next time you or someone you know is going in for surgery, remember that the choices made in the operating room can have an impact on the environment. It's time to think about how we can make surgical procedures more eco-friendly.

11: Research Paper Title: Soccer Heading and Its Immediate Impact on Brain Function and Communication with Muscles

Read the original paper: Soccer heading immediately alters brain function and brain-muscle communication

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Johnny V. V. Parr, Liis Uiga, Ben Marshall, Greg Wood

Published: April 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1145700

Ever wondered if playing soccer and repeatedly heading the ball can affect your brain and body? Well, a group of researchers set out to investigate exactly that. They found that even a short session of heading can lead to negative effects on cognitive performance and movement control, and they wanted to uncover the scientific mechanisms behind these immediate impairments.

To delve into this issue further, the researchers conducted an experiment involving sixty soccer players. Half of the participants were subjected to a brief period of soccer heading, while the other half engaged in a virtual reality (VR) simulation where they headed virtual soccer balls. Cognitive performance was assessed using the King-Devick test, and the researchers also employed electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and corticomuscular coherence (CMC) measurements to examine brain function and communication with muscles during a force precision task.

The results were intriguing. Surprisingly, the group that participated in the VR simulation experienced an improvement in cognitive performance, while the heading group showed no change. Both groups demonstrated better force control after the task, but the VR group exhibited higher activity in frontal theta and global alpha and beta waves during the task, unlike the heading group. However, contrary to expectations, the heading group displayed elevated CMC, indicating enhanced communication between the brain and muscles. 

These findings shed light on the immediate effects of soccer heading. It appears that even a short session can impair cognitive function and disrupt efficient neural processes related to motor skill proficiency. Furthermore, the researchers observed corticomuscular hyperconnectivity in the heading group, suggesting that the brain and muscles may be overcompensating for the task, potentially leading to an inefficient allocation of neuromuscular resources.

This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the impairments experienced after just a brief period of repetitive soccer heading. Its implications extend beyond the sports field, raising important questions about the potential risks associated with this popular activity. As we navigate the world of sports, these findings remind us to consider the possible impact of our actions on our bodies and brains.

12: Efficacy and Safety of Acoziborole in Treating African Sleeping Sickness: A Breakthrough Study

Read the original paper: Efficacy and safety of acoziborole in patients with human African trypanosomiasis caused by  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense : a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2/3 trial

Publisher / Publication: The Lancet

Authors: Victor Kande Betu Kumeso, Wilfried Mutombo Kalonji, Sandra Rembry, Olaf Valverde Mordt, Digas Ngolo Tete

Published: April 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00660-0

A group of researchers conducted a groundbreaking study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of acoziborole in treating a parasitic disease called African sleeping sickness, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. This disease typically affects individuals in the late stages of infection and requires hospitalization for treatment. The current recommended treatment, fexinidazole, also mandates hospital admission, posing challenges in resource-constrained areas.

To tackle this issue, the researchers sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of acoziborole in adult and adolescent patients with gambiense African sleeping sickness. The study involved ten hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Guinea, with participants aged 15 years or older. Eligible patients demonstrated a certain level of physical ability, compliance with study requirements, and willingness to be admitted to the hospital during treatment.

Acoziborole, administered orally as a single 960 mg dose, showed remarkable results. Among the 208 enrolled patients, including those in the late stages of the disease, the treatment success rate at 18 months was an impressive 95.2%. Moreover, all patients with early-stage or intermediate-stage disease completed the follow-up visits, displaying a promising outcome.

The research also included a comparative analysis with the previous standard treatment, nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT). This analysis revealed a similar success rate for acoziborole, further affirming its potential as an effective treatment option.

In terms of safety, acoziborole demonstrated a favourable profile. Most adverse events reported were mild or moderate in severity, with pyrexia (fever) and asthenia (weakness) being the most common. Moreover, no deaths were attributed to the treatment.

The results of this study highlight the significant potential of acoziborole in contributing to the World Health Organization's aim of eliminating African sleeping sickness transmission by 2030. The research was generously supported by various funding sources, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and UK Aid.

In conclusion, this breakthrough study signifies a major step forward in combating African sleeping sickness. The efficacy and safety of acoziborole provide hope for patients and healthcare providers alike, offering a vital solution and bringing us closer to achieving the goal of eradicating this debilitating disease.

Stay curious and informed with the latest science news in this month's edition of Briefly Science. 

I summarise 9 groundbreaking research papers spanning topics from dementia prevention to ancient human evolution.

Learn how Mediterranean diets may reduce dementia risk, discover social learning in bumblebees, and gain insights into the legacy of Neanderthal DNA.

Also featured: a study linking brain structures to high blood pressure's impact on cognition, an investigation into changing online alcohol habits, and more.

With complex academic research presented in clear, relatable language, this newsletter makes cutting-edge scientific discoveries easy to understand for college students and non-experts alike.

Estimated reading time: 9 minutes

1: How a Mediterranean Diet Can Help Lower Your Risk of Dementia

Read the original paper: Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lower dementia risk, independent of genetic predisposition: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study

Publisher / Publication: BMC Medicine

Authors: Oliver M. Shannon, Janice M. Ranson, Sarah Gregory, Helen Macpherson, Catherine Milte

Published: March 14th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02772-3

Dementia is a growing concern and finding ways to prevent it is crucial. Researchers conducted a study using data from the UK Biobank to investigate the relationship between sticking to a Mediterranean diet and the risk of developing dementia. The Mediterranean diet is known for its emphasis on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, and healthy fats like olive oil, while limiting red meat and processed foods.

The study followed over 60,000 participants for an average of 9.1 years. The researchers used two different measures to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet: the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and the Mediterranean diet Pyramid (PYRAMID) scores. They also examined whether there was an interaction between diet and genetic risk of dementia.

The findings indicated that those who closely followed a Mediterranean diet had a lower risk of developing dementia. Regardless of their genetic predisposition to the condition, individuals with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet had a reduced risk of dementia.

This research supports the significance of diet in dementia prevention. By adopting a Mediterranean diet, individuals can potentially lower their risk of developing this debilitating condition. It highlights the importance of incorporating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats into daily meals, while reducing the consumption of red meat and processed foods.

While the study provides valuable insights, it is important to note that it focused on a large sample size and followed participants for an extended period. As a college student, understanding the benefits of a Mediterranean diet in dementia prevention can lead to a healthier and more informed lifestyle choice. In knowing that dietary interventions can play a role in reducing dementia risk, it becomes a personal responsibility to make conscious food choices that align with this evidence.

2: Are Hormonal Birth Control Pills Linked to Breast Cancer? - An In-depth Analysis

Read the original paper: Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case–control study and meta-analysis

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Danielle Fitzpatrick, Kirstin Pirie, Gillian Reeves, Jane Green, Valerie Beral

Published: March 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188

You may have heard mixed opinions on how hormonal birth control pills can affect breast cancer risk. In this comprehensive UK study, researchers examined the association between different types of hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. 

The study focused on two types of hormonal birth control pills: combined oral contraceptives (which contain both oestrogen and progestagen) and progestagen-only contraceptives. While current or recent use of combined oral contraceptives has been previously linked to a slight increase in breast cancer risk, much less is known about the risks associated with progestagen-only preparations, even though their usage is on the rise.

To get a clearer picture, the researchers meticulously analyzed hormonal contraceptive prescriptions documented in a primary care database. The results of this nested case-control study, encompassing a substantial group of 9,498 women, were then combined with the findings from various other studies, yielding a robust meta-analysis.

The outcome of this investigation sheds light on the potential risks faced by premenopausal women who rely on hormonal contraceptives. By presenting the data in a way that is relatable to your own experiences, we aim to help you make informed decisions about your contraception choices.

The main findings confirm that current or recent use of combined oral contraceptives does indeed carry a small increase in breast cancer risk. However, the study also highlights the scarcity of information surrounding progestagen-only options. This knowledge gap necessitates further research and attention.

By delving into the world of hormonal birth control pills and their relationship to breast cancer, this study provides valuable insight to help you navigate your contraceptive options more effectively. It is important to understand the risks so that you can make an informed choice that aligns with your personal circumstances and health considerations.

3: Bumblebees Learn New Tricks by Watching Others: How Social Learning Shapes their Behaviour

Read the original paper: Bumblebees acquire alternative puzzle-box solutions via social learning

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Alice D. Bridges, HaDi MaBouDi, Olga Procenko, Charlotte Lockwood, Yaseen Mohammed

Published: March 7th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002019

Social insects like bumblebees have always amazed us with their seemingly innate abilities. However, a group of researchers recently discovered that these remarkable creatures are capable of learning from one another. By studying bumblebees, the team developed a clever experiment using puzzle boxes to observe how non-natural foraging behaviours are spread within a population.

Here's how it worked: a bumblebee was trained to open the box using one of two possible techniques, and then placed in a colony with other bumblebees. Astonishingly, the observers quickly learned the demonstrated technique and continued using it, even if they stumbled upon an alternative method. The researchers found that social learning played a crucial role in the proper acquisition of box-opening skills. When no demonstrator was present, some bees spontaneously opened the boxes, but with less proficiency than those who learned from watching their peers.

In another set of experiments, the researchers introduced two equally prevalent behavioural variants. Over time, one variant became dominant through random processes. These findings mirror those observed in primates and birds, suggesting that bumblebees might possess a cultural capacity.

This study challenges the belief that the behavioural repertoire of social insects is purely innate. Bumblebee populations can actually learn and maintain complex, unique foraging behaviours, treating them as "behavioural traditions." It is fascinating to see how bumblebees, with their small brains, can adapt and pass on knowledge to one another.

Understanding the learning abilities of bumblebees not only sheds light on the fascinating world of insect intelligence but also prompts us to rethink the ways we perceive social learning in the animal kingdom. These findings show that even creatures with limited cognitive capabilities have the potential to learn and teach others, much like we humans do.

4: Genetic Research Identifies Brain Structures Linked to Cognitive Impairment from High Blood Pressure

Read the original paper: Genetic analyses identify brain structures related to cognitive impairment associated with elevated blood pressure

Publisher / Publication: European Heart Journal

Authors: Mateusz Siedlinski, Lorenzo Carnevale, Xiaoguang Xu, Daniela Carnevale, Evangelos Evangelou

Published: March 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad101

High blood pressure has long been associated with cognitive decline, but the underlying changes in the brain that link the two have remained a mystery. In this research, scientists sought to uncover the brain structures involved in the impact of elevated blood pressure on cognitive function. Using data from extensive studies and genetic analysis, the researchers aimed to pinpoint these crucial brain regions.

The study integrated data on blood pressure with a vast range of brain measurements derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, cognitive function was assessed using fluid intelligence scores. Through careful observations and validation, the researchers compared their findings in the UK Biobank with a separate cohort.

Using a technique called Mendelian randomisation, the researchers also examined genetic data from the UK Biobank, the International Consortium for Blood Pressure, and the COGENT consortium. This analysis allowed them to determine if there was a causal relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function.

The results indicated a potentially negative impact of high systolic blood pressure on cognitive function. The Mendelian randomisation analysis strengthened this finding even further when considering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, the researchers discovered numerous specific brain structures, represented by 242, 168, and 68 derived phenotypes, that showed significant associations with blood pressure.

Understanding the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive impairment is crucial for developing preventive measures and interventions. By identifying the brain structures involved in cognitive decline caused by high blood pressure, this research opens new avenues for targeted treatments.

This study sheds light on the intricate connection between blood pressure and cognitive function, revealing the potential risks posed by elevated blood pressure on the brain. Such insights are essential for individuals, healthcare professionals, and policymakers alike, as they highlight the importance of monitoring and managing blood pressure levels to preserve cognitive abilities.

5: Unraveling the Legacy of Neanderthals in Our DNA: How Ancient Interbreeding Influences Complex Human Traits

Read the original paper: The lingering effects of Neanderthal introgression on human complex traits

Publisher / Publication: eLife

Authors: Xinzhu Wei, Christopher R Robles, Ali Pazokitoroudi, Andrea Ganna, Alexander Gusev

Published: March 20th, 2023

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.80757

Ever wondered about the lasting impact of our ancient relatives, the Neanderthals, on our modern genetic makeup? A team of researchers has delved into this intriguing question by exploring the intriguing genetic variants that were passed down to us through interbreeding with Neanderthals. These genetic fragments, acquired thousands of years ago, have been proposed to play a surprising role in shaping various aspects of who we are today. 

To investigate this further, the researchers harnessed advanced methodologies, meticulously analyzing 235,592 inherited Neanderthal genetic variants alongside a wide range of 96 distinct human traits in approximately 300,000 individuals from the white British population. The outcomes were fascinating. The team found that indeed, these ancient Neanderthal variants contribute significantly to the variation observed in human traits, accounting for about 0.12% of the overall trait diversity on average.

However, it is worth noting that these introgressed Neanderthal variants seem to have undergone selective pressure over time, leading to a significant depletion in their influence compared to our own modern human genetic variants. Interestingly, no elevated heritability was observed across the examined traits, contrary to previous studies. 

Notably, the researchers identified a notable 348 independent associations between these Neanderthal genetic fragments and 64 different traits. Intriguingly, a majority of these associations were found to be statistically linked to nearby modern human variants, suggesting that they might be the true causal factors for these trait variations. By employing a specially tailored fine-mapping technique, the team pinpointed 112 key regions across 47 traits harbouring around 4303 unique genetic variants, where the impact of these ancient Neanderthal fragments on our physical makeup is highly probable. 

Upon closer examination of these variants, it becomes evident that they exert a substantial influence on important genes related to fundamental aspects of the human body such as the immune system, development, and metabolism.

This groundbreaking research helps shed light on our ancestral connections and offers a fresh perspective on how our complex traits have been shaped by ancient interactions. Understanding the impact of Neanderthal genetic inheritance broadens our knowledge of human evolution and paints a vivid picture of the fascinating interplay among our distant ancestors.

6: Unrealistic Expectations May Hinder the Benefits of Polygenic Scores

Read the original paper: Realistic expectations are key to realising the benefits of polygenic scores

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Amit Sud, Rachel H Horton, Aroon D Hingorani, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Clare Turnbull

Published: March 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073149

Polygenic scores have generated significant excitement in the research community, but it is crucial not to overlook other influential factors that have a greater impact and are more amenable to change. This viewpoint, shared by a team of researchers led by Amit Sud and Rachel Horton, highlights the need for realistic expectations when it comes to the potential advantages of polygenic scores. 

Polygenic scores, derived from complex genetic information, offer insights into an individual's predisposition to various traits or diseases. However, it is important to acknowledge that their value is not absolute; they are just one piece of the puzzle. Researchers caution against being drawn into excessive enthusiasm around these scores, as they can divert attention from more significant factors that have a broader relevance for everyone.

In our pursuit of improved health and well-being, it is crucial not to lose sight of the bigger picture. Factors such as lifestyle choices, socio-economic conditions, and environmental influences significantly overshadow the impact of genetic predisposition. Instead of fixating solely on polygenic scores, it is essential to channel our efforts towards addressing these modifiable factors that have a more profound effect on our lives.

By underscoring the importance of realistic expectations, this research urges individuals to consider the broader context in which polygenic scores exist. It encourages us to reflect on the multiple factors that shape our lives and emphasizes the need to focus on those that can be modified for a positive outcome. While polygenic scores can provide valuable insights into our genetic makeup, they should not overshadow the importance of addressing more influential factors within our control.

Achieving a comprehensive understanding of our overall health requires a multifaceted approach that integrates genetic knowledge with lifestyle changes, socio-economic considerations, and the creation of environments that promote well-being. This perspective encourages individuals to broaden their horizons, focusing not only on genetic predispositions but also on the areas where they have agency to make meaningful changes.

In conclusion, by maintaining realistic expectations and recognising the primacy of influential factors within our reach, we can harness the true potential of polygenic scores and indeed, our own personal agency, to enhance our health outcomes and overall well-being.

7: Hunter-gatherer mixing with Neolithic farmers in Europe shaped natural selection

Read the original paper: Hunter-gatherer admixture facilitated natural selection in Neolithic European farmers

Publisher / Publication: Cell

Authors: Tom Davy, Dan Ju, Iain Mathieson, Pontus Skoglund

Published: March 23rd, 2023

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.049

The intermingling of ancient cultures has left its mark on our genetic heritage, and researchers have discovered intriguing evidence of this through the study of ancient DNA. One particularly fascinating example is the interaction between Neolithic farming groups and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers as they spread across Europe. By analysing the genomes of individuals from this period, scientists can explore how these two groups mixed and adapted genetically. Furthermore, they can identify regions of the genome that resisted interbreeding and may have contributed to the agricultural advancements of Neolithic populations.

In this study, researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis of the DNA from 677 individuals spanning the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras in Europe. Their aim was to uncover any deviations in ancestry within individuals who had mixed genetic backgrounds. Additionally, they investigated whether natural selection had occurred after this mixing by examining deviations from a null distribution throughout the entire genome.

The results revealed fascinating insights. The genomic region associated with SLC24A5, a gene responsible for pigmentation, showed the highest representation of Neolithic ancestry in the genome. Conversely, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a crucial locus for immunity, exhibited the highest representation of Mesolithic ancestry. Notably, the MHC also displayed signs of allele frequency deviations that suggest selection occurred following the mixture of these populations.

These findings could suggest that Neolithic populations experienced negative frequency-dependent selection on MHC alleles inherited from their Mesolithic counterparts. Alternatively, it is plausible that Mesolithic alleles were positively selected for and aided Neolithic populations in adapting to pathogens or other environmental factors. Importantly, this research expands upon previous studies that highlight the impact of immune function and pigmentation as targets of adaptation in more recent populations, shedding light on the selection processes that took place during the Stone Age.

Understanding our ancient genetic heritage not only enriches our knowledge of human history but also provides insights into the genetic adaptations that shaped our ancestors' lives. This research offers a captivating glimpse into the complex interplay between hunter-gatherers and early farmers in Europe and how their interactions influenced natural selection.

8: The Impact of Offering More Alcohol-Free Drinks Online: A Study on Changing Alcohol Selection and Online Purchasing Habits

Read the original paper: Impact on alcohol selection and online purchasing of changing the proportion of available non-alcoholic versus alcoholic drinks: A randomised controlled trial

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Natasha Clarke, Anna K. M. Blackwell, Jennifer Ferrar, Katie De-Loyde, Mark A. Pilling

Published: March 30th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004193

Do you ever wonder if changing the proportion of alcohol-free drinks available online could have an impact on people's alcohol selection and purchasing habits? Well, researchers conducted a study to find out. They wanted to see if offering more non-alcoholic options in an online retail setting could actually reduce the amount of alcohol people buy.

The study involved 737 adults residing in England and Wales who regularly purchased alcohol online. Participants were randomly assigned to different groups and were asked to select drinks in a simulated online supermarket before making actual purchases in an online supermarket. The researchers wanted to see how the proportion of non-alcoholic drinks available (ranging from 25% to 75%) would affect the participants' choices.

The main finding was that increasing the proportion of non-alcoholic drinks had a significant impact. In the group where 75% of the available drinks were non-alcoholic, a higher percentage of participants chose not to select any alcohol at all compared to the group with only 25% non-alcoholic options. This suggests that by simply offering more alcohol-free drinks, people may be more inclined to choose them over alcoholic beverages.

Interestingly, the study also looked at the actual purchasing behavior of the participants. While the data is still being analyzed, this could provide further insights into the potential effects of increasing non-alcoholic options online.

This research is particularly important because it explores a population-level intervention to reduce alcohol consumption. By making non-alcoholic drinks more readily available online, individuals may have an easier time making healthier choices and reducing their alcohol intake.

In conclusion, this study shows that changing the proportion of available non-alcoholic drinks online can have a significant impact on alcohol selection and purchasing habits. It sheds light on the potential benefits of increasing the availability of alcohol-free options and provides valuable insights for policymakers and online retailers alike.

That’s it for this month.

Thanks for reading.

See you in May.

Claudia Brady.

Stay curious and informed with this month's science newsletter featuring 15 cutting-edge research papers.

Learn how exercise can benefit the brain, uncover ancient dinosaur secrets, and find out if antidepressants really relieve pain.

Gain insights into the global burden of diabetes, the connections between eye and heart health, and the impacts of climate change on disease-carrying mosquitoes.

Plus, crucial findings on perinatal depression, marine mammals afflicted by bird flu, and questionable infant formula claims.

Written for a college student audience (like me), this newsletter makes complex academic research easily understandable through clear summaries.

So, delve in and empower yourself with fascinating science that matters in our world today.

Estimated reading time: 12 minutes

1: Non-occupational Physical Activity: Your Secret Weapon against Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Death

Read the original paper: Non-occupational physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality outcomes: a dose–response meta-analysis of large prospective studies

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Leandro Garcia, Matthew Pearce, Ali Abbas, Alexander Mok, Tessa Strain

Published: February 28th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105669

Worried about your health? Here's some exciting news: a recent study conducted by a team of dedicated researchers reveals the incredible benefits of non-occupational physical activity. In simpler terms, this means any exercise you engage in outside of work.

The study, which analyzed a staggering amount of data from over 30 million individuals, sought to uncover the relationship between physical activity and chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and mortality rates. The findings were nothing short of groundbreaking.

Higher levels of physical activity were found to significantly reduce the risk of developing these life-threatening conditions. Even better, the researchers discovered that even small increases in exercise can yield substantial protection against a range of chronic diseases.

But how much exercise is enough? The study identified that the greatest differences in risk occur between sedentary individuals and those who engage in just 150 minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity. Yes, you read that correctly. A mere 150 minutes of exercise per week can significantly enhance your health and well-being.

Interestingly, the study also found that the benefits of physical activity tend to plateau after a certain point. Once you surpass 150 minutes per week, the additional differences in risk become relatively small and uncertain. Therefore, it's important to strike a balance and not overexert yourself.

The impact of physical activity on mortality rates was particularly notable. If all inactive individuals had achieved the recommended 150 minutes of exercise per week, an astonishing 15.7% of premature deaths could have been prevented.

In conclusion, this ground-breaking research affirms the importance of regular physical activity in combating heart disease, cancer, and premature death. The good news is that incorporating exercise into your daily routine doesn't have to be complicated or time-consuming. Simple activities like walking, cycling, or dancing can make a world of difference and have a profound impact on your health.

So, let this study serve as a gentle nudge to step away from the couch and embrace the empowering benefits of non-occupational physical activity. Your body will thank you, and you'll be well on your way to a healthier, happier life.

2: The Power of Exercise: A Key to Improving Mental Wellbeing

Read the original paper: Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Ben Singh, Timothy Olds, Rachel Curtis, Dorothea Dumuid, Rosa Virgara

Published: February 16th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106195

Do you ever feel stressed, anxious, or overwhelmed? Well, we have some good news for you! A group of researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of several studies to find out if physical activity can help ease symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress in adults like you and me.

They scoured twelve different databases and reviewed a whopping 1039 trials involving a staggering 128,119 participants. These trials aimed to increase physical activity among people like us and assessed the impact on mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, and distress.

The researchers found that physical activity had a significant positive effect on mental health symptoms across various populations. Whether you're a generally healthy individual or someone with a mental health disorder or chronic illness, engaging in physical activity can make a real difference. The positive effects were particularly pronounced in people with depression, HIV, and kidney disease, as well as pregnant and postpartum women.

Interestingly, not all physical activity had the same impact. The researchers discovered that higher intensity activities resulted in greater improvements in mental wellbeing. So, if you're up for a challenge, consider engaging in more vigorous exercises to obtain the most significant benefits.

However, it's essential to note that the duration of physical activity interventions played a role in their effectiveness. Shorter interventions seemed to yield better outcomes than longer ones.

In conclusion, physical activity should be prioritized as a fundamental part of managing depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. It's a powerful tool that can positively impact our mental wellbeing across the board. So, if you're feeling down or overwhelmed, consider lacing up your shoes and getting active. Remember, exercise not only helps keep your body fit but also supports your mental health in numerous ways.

3: Seasonal Variation in Human Sleep: Insights from a Sleep Clinic Study

Read the original paper: Seasonality of human sleep: Polysomnographic data of a neuropsychiatric sleep clinic

Publisher / Publication: Frontiers

Authors: Aileen Seidler, Katy Sarah Weihrich, Frederik Bes, Jan de Zeeuw, Dieter Kunz

Published: February 17th, 2023

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1105233

Do you feel like your sleep patterns change depending on the season? Well, you might be onto something. A group of researchers conducted a study to examine how the seasons affect our sleep, using data from a sleep clinic. They wanted to explore whether there are long-term effects on sleep caused by the different seasons.

The study involved 292 patients with neuropsychiatric sleep disturbances, who underwent three nights of polysomnography in 2019. The researchers analyzed measurements of the second nights of each month over the course of the year.

The patients were instructed to sleep "as usual," maintaining their usual sleep timings, with no alarm clocks allowed. However, individuals who were taking medication known to affect sleep, or had excessively long REM-sleep latency or technical issues were excluded from the analysis.

Out of the final sample of 188 patients, the most common sleep-related diagnoses were insomnia, depression, and sleep-related breathing disorders. Here's what the researchers found:

1. Total sleep time was slightly longer during winter compared to summer, but the difference was not significant.

2. REM-sleep latency was shorter in autumn compared to spring.

3. REM-sleep duration was longer in winter compared to spring, constituting about 5% of total sleep time.

4. Slow-wave sleep, an important stage of deep sleep, remained stable from winter to summer, but decreased by 30-50 minutes during autumn.

These findings suggest that there is a seasonal variation in the architecture of sleep, even for individuals living in urban environments with sleep disturbances. If these results hold true for healthy individuals, it could indicate the need to adjust our sleep habits according to the different seasons.

Understanding how our sleep is influenced by the seasons can help us better manage our sleep patterns throughout the year. So, next time you experience changes in your sleep, consider the potential impact of the seasons on your restful nights.

4: How Being Physically Active Can Benefit Your Brain as You Age: Insights from a 30-Year Study on the 1946 British Birth Cohort

Read the original paper: Timing of physical activity across adulthood on later-life cognition: 30 years follow-up in the 1946 British birth cohort

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Sarah-Naomi James, Yu-Jie Chiou, Nasri Fatih, Louisa P Needham, Jonathan M Schott

Published: February 21st, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329955

Staying physically active throughout your adulthood could have a positive impact on your cognitive function later in life, according to a 30-year research study on the 1946 British Birth Cohort. The researchers examined the timing, frequency, and maintenance of physical activity over three decades to understand the relationship between exercise and later-life cognition. 

The study followed 1,417 participants, half of whom were female, from the age of 36 to 69. Their engagement in leisure time physical activity was recorded five times over this period, and they were grouped into three categories: not active, moderately active (1-4 times/month), and most active (5 or more times/month). At the age of 69, the participants' cognitive function was evaluated using tests for cognitive state, verbal memory, and processing speed. 

The results revealed that individuals who remained physically active at any point during their adulthood had higher cognitive function at age 69. This positive impact was observed consistently across different age groups and was similar for both moderate and high levels of physical activity. Furthermore, maintaining physical activity over time showed the strongest association with later-life cognitive function, indicating a dose-response relationship. 

While the researchers controlled for childhood cognition, childhood socioeconomic status, and education, these factors only partially explained the connection between physical activity and cognitive function. The results remained significant even after considering cardiovascular and mental health factors, as well as the presence of the APOE-E4 gene related to Alzheimer's disease. This highlights the importance of education in understanding the lifelong benefits of physical activity on brain health. 

In conclusion, this study suggests that engaging in physical activity at any stage of adulthood can enhance cognitive function later in life. However, sustained and continuous physical activity yields the most beneficial outcomes. The findings underscore the role of education in influencing the long-term impact of exercise on brain health and emphasize the need to prioritize physical activity for healthy aging.

5: Antidepressants for Pain: What Does the Science Say?

Read the original paper: Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antidepressants for pain in adults: overview of systematic reviews

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Giovanni E Ferreira, Christina Abdel-Shaheed, Martin Underwood, Nanna B Finnerup, Richard O Day

Published: February 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072415

Do antidepressants really help with pain relief? That is the question that the researchers set out to answer in this comprehensive overview of systematic reviews. They collected data from various sources to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of antidepressants for pain in adults. 

The researchers analyzed 26 reviews that included over 25,000 participants and covered 22 different pain conditions. They found that there is not enough high-certainty evidence to support the use of antidepressants for pain relief in any condition. However, they did identify 11 comparisons where antidepressants were found to be efficacious, with moderate certainty evidence in four cases: back pain, postoperative pain, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia.

Specifically, the researchers discovered that serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) were effective in these four pain conditions. SNRIs were associated with significant reductions in pain compared to placebo. 

For the remaining 31 comparisons, antidepressants were either found to be inefficacious or the evidence was inconclusive. This suggests that prescribing antidepressants for pain conditions needs to be approached more cautiously and on an individual basis.

Overall, this research challenges the widespread belief that antidepressants are a one-size-fits-all solution for pain relief. The findings highlight the need for a more nuanced approach, considering factors such as the specific pain condition and the potential side effects of antidepressants.

This overview of systematic reviews provides valuable insights into the use of antidepressants for pain relief, but further studies are needed to establish clearer guidelines for their use. Patients and healthcare professionals should carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of using antidepressants for pain management.

6: Modified Skulls but Conservative Brains? Unravelling the Ancient Secrets of Spinosauridae Dinosaurs

Read the original paper: Modified skulls but conservative brains? The palaeoneurology and endocranial anatomy of baryonychine dinosaurs (Theropoda: Spinosauridae)

Publisher / Publication: Wiley

Authors: Chris Tijani Barker, Darren Naish, Jacob Trend, Lysanne Veerle Michels, Lawrence Witmer

Published: February 13th, 2023

DOI: 10.1111/joa.13837

Have you ever wondered what dinosaurs were really like? A team of researchers has delved into the mysterious world of the baryonychine dinosaurs, a unique group that includes the famous Baryonyx walkeri. By using advanced scanning technology, these scientists have managed to reconstruct the brain structure of these ancient creatures and unlock some fascinating insights.

One of the key findings is that despite their unique physical features, such as their modified skulls, these dinosaurs actually had conservative brains. The researchers have discovered that the neuroanatomy of baryonychines, including Baryonyx walkeri and Ceratosuchops inferodios, closely resembles that of other early theropods. This suggests that the transition from land-dwelling meat-eating ancestors to semi-aquatic "generalists" did not require significant changes to the brain and sensory systems.

But what does this mean for the behaviour and abilities of these dinosaurs? Well, it turns out that baryonychines were likely quite sophisticated in their actions and interactions with the environment. They possessed certain neurosensory capabilities, such as low-frequency hearing and average olfaction, which suited their semi-aquatic lifestyle. However, the researchers have also identified a potential difference in the gaze stabilisation mechanisms between baryonychines and their close relatives, the spinosaurines. This may have affected their ability to focus and track prey, particularly in water.

Intriguingly, the research has shown that our understanding of these dinosaurs' brains aligns with what we know about their overall ecology. For instance, the study indicates that baryonychines were not particularly skilled at hearing or smelling, but they were adept at swift head movements. This suggests that they may have hunted small and agile prey like fish, relying on their quick reflexes. These findings shed light on the intricate relationship between structure and behaviour in ancient creatures.

So, next time you see a dinosaur skeleton in a museum or watch a Jurassic Park movie, remember that there is more to these fascinating creatures than meets the eye. The research on baryonychine dinosaurs helps us uncover the hidden complexities of their brains and showcases how these ancient beings adapted to their environment in surprising ways.

7: Sleep Patterns and Heart Health: Exploring the Link

Read the original paper: Sleep Irregularity and Subclinical Markers of Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Publisher / Publication: Journal of the American Heart Association

Authors: Kelsie M. Full, Tianyi Huang, Neomi A. Shah, Matthew A. Allison, Erin D. Michos

Published: February 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027361

Sleep patterns can have a significant impact on our cardiovascular health, according to researchers from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. In their study, they used a method called actigraphy to measure sleep duration and timing regularity in a diverse group of participants. They then looked at markers of early-stage heart disease, such as calcium build-up in the arteries and thickness of the carotid artery wall.

The results were striking. Participants with irregular sleep duration, meaning their sleep varied by more than two hours each night, were more likely to show signs of high calcium burdens in their arteries. This is concerning because high levels of calcium are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Irregular sleep timing, where the onset of sleep differed by more than an hour, was also linked to higher levels of calcium in the arteries.

But it's not all bad news. These associations remained even after the researchers took into account common risk factors for heart disease such as age, gender, and other aspects of sleep quality. This suggests that sleep regularity could be an independent risk factor for early-stage heart disease, and therefore something we should pay attention to.

The implications of these findings are significant. Sleep irregularity, particularly in terms of duration, may be a key factor in the development of heart disease. By taking steps to improve sleep regularity, such as going to bed and waking up at consistent times, individuals may be able to reduce their risk of heart disease. This is an important message for everyone, as we all experience fluctuations in our sleep patterns from time to time.

While more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between sleep and heart health, the researchers believe that addressing sleep irregularity could be a potential strategy for reducing the risk of early-stage heart disease. So, next time you find yourself struggling with erratic sleep patterns, remember that improving your sleep regularity could have long-term benefits for your heart health.

8: New research shows early brain changes can predict long-term symptoms after a mild head injury

Read the original paper: Acute thalamic connectivity precedes chronic post-concussive symptoms in mild traumatic brain injury

Publisher / Publication: Brain

Authors: Rebecca E Woodrow, Stefan Winzeck, Andrea I Luppi, Isaac R Kelleher-Unger, Lennart R B Spindler

Published: February 22nd, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad056

Concussions, even mild ones, can leave people with ongoing symptoms that are difficult to predict or treat. But a recent study has shed light on a potential clue for identifying those at risk of long-term issues.

Researchers investigated the brains of 108 patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and 76 healthy individuals. Surprisingly, they discovered that changes in the connections within a part of the brain called the thalamus could predict the development of persistent symptoms.

Despite no visible physical damage, patients with mTBI displayed excessive connectivity in their thalamus soon after the injury. This abnormality was specific to certain regions of the thalamus, marking it as an early indicator of future problems.

As if that wasn't fascinating enough, the researchers also found that these connectivity changes were linked to particular symptoms.

Emotional issues were tied to alterations in connections to regions influenced by serotonin, while cognitive problems were associated with changes in connections to regions affected by noradrenaline.

The study's findings offer hope for both patients and healthcare professionals. By identifying these early changes in the brain, doctors can better identify individuals who are at risk of developing long-term symptoms following a mild head injury. This could lead to more personalised treatment approaches and the development of new therapies.

Ultimately, this research contributes to our understanding of the brain and how it can be affected by mild trauma, paving the way for improved care and outcomes for those affected.

9: Exercise as a Treatment for Depression: Examining the Evidence

Read the original paper: Exercise as medicine for depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Andreas Heissel, Darlene Heinen, Luisa Leonie Brokmeier, Nora Skarabis, Maria Kangas

Published: February 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106282

Are you feeling down and struggling with depression? Researchers have conducted a thorough review and analysis to determine if exercise can truly be a form of medicine for depressive symptoms. They looked at various studies that compared exercise interventions with non-active control groups. The goal was to estimate how effective exercise is in reducing depressive symptoms and whether it has any additional benefits. 

The researchers searched multiple databases, including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science, without any language restrictions. They focused on randomised controlled trials involving individuals aged 18 years or older who had either been diagnosed with major depressive disorder or showed symptoms above a specific threshold according to validated screening measures. The exercise interventions included both aerobic and resistance exercises, and they were compared to control groups that did not engage in any exercise.

The results of the meta-analysis included 41 studies with a total of 2264 participants. The findings were quite promising, showing significant effects in favor of exercise interventions. In fact, the researchers found that exercise had a large effect in reducing depressive symptoms (standardised mean difference = -0.946). This corresponds to an impressive number needed to treat of only 2 individuals. 

Interestingly, the positive effects of exercise were consistently observed across different subgroups. Those with major depressive disorder experienced large benefits, as did participants in supervised exercise interventions. Even when the analysis focused only on studies with low risk of bias, moderate effects were still found. 

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that exercise is an effective treatment option for individuals struggling with depression or depressive symptoms. To maximize the benefits, supervised and group exercise with moderate intensity and aerobic regimes are recommended. However, it is important to note that the small sample sizes of many trials and differences in research methods should be taken into account when interpreting the results. 

In summary, if you are dealing with depression, engaging in regular exercise can make a real difference. The evidence supports the use of exercise as an evidence-based treatment option that can positively impact your mental well-being. So why not give it a try and incorporate exercise into your routine?

10: Sex-Specific Reproductive Factors Increase Heart Disease Risk in Women: A Groundbreaking Study

Read the original paper: Sex‐Specific Reproductive Factors Augment Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Publisher / Publication: Journal of the American Heart Association

Authors: Maddalena Ardissino, Eric A. W. Slob, Paul Carter, Tormod Rogne, Joanna Girling

Published: February 27th, 2023

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027933

Have you ever wondered how factors like age at first birth, number of live births, age at menarche (first period), and age at menopause impact a woman's risk of developing cardiovascular disease? Well, researchers have conducted a pioneering study using a method called Mendelian randomization to delve into this important question.

Observational studies have hinted at a link between reproductive factors and heart disease in women. However, these studies are prone to errors caused by other influencing factors. In order to overcome these limitations, the researchers employed Mendelian randomization, a technique that allows for more accurate causal inference.

By analyzing specific genetic markers associated with different reproductive factors, the researchers found compelling evidence that connects these factors to cardiovascular disease in women.

For instance, the study showed that an earlier age at first birth can increase the risk of coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. The increased risk was partially explained by factors such as body mass index, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.

Likewise, a higher number of live births was found to be associated with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and stroke. These findings highlight the potential impact that reproductive choices may have on a woman's heart health.

Furthermore, the researchers discovered that an earlier age at menarche also raised the risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure. These associations were partly mediated by body mass index, indicating that body weight plays a role in the relationship between early menstruation and heart disease.

Overall, this groundbreaking study lends support to the idea that reproductive factors can significantly influence a woman's risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Importantly, the researchers have identified several modifiable factors that could be targeted through clinical interventions.

Understanding these connections is essential for healthcare providers and policymakers to develop strategies and interventions to promote heart health in women. By addressing reproductive factors and their potential mediators, we can strive towards reducing the burden of heart disease in women.

11: Rapid Range Shifts in African Anopheles Mosquitoes: How Climate Change is Affecting Disease-Carrying Insects

Read the original paper: Rapid range shifts in African  Anopheles  mosquitoes over the last century

Publisher / Publication: Royal Society

Authors: Colin J. Carlson, Ellen Bannon, Emily Mendenhall, Timothy Newfield, Shweta Bansal

Published: February 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0365

As the climate warms, many tropical species, including mosquitoes that spread diseases, are moving to higher latitudes and elevations. While these shifts are typically predicted for the future, our researchers have gathered one of the most extensive datasets ever compiled by medical entomologists to track the actual movements of African malaria mosquito vectors (known as Anopheles spp.) from 1898 to 2016. Through a straightforward analysis, the researchers found that these mosquito species have been gaining an average of 6.5 meters in elevation each year, and their southern geographic limits have been shifting polewards at a rate of 4.7 kilometers annually. These movements align with the speed at which the local climate has been changing and could help explain the recent emergence of malaria transmission in new areas.

It is crucial to confirm that climate change is indeed causing these shifts and to explore similar patterns in other disease-carrying insects. By doing so, we can better understand the impacts of climate change on the spread of infectious diseases and devise effective strategies to combat them. As college students, you might wonder why this research matters to you. Well, imagine if tropical diseases like malaria, dengue fever, or Zika virus became prevalent in areas where they were previously rare or nonexistent. That could mean a higher risk of contracting these diseases and a greater burden on public health systems. 

The findings reported in this research raise awareness of the ongoing changes in the geographical distribution of disease-carrying mosquitoes due to climate change. By investigating which factors are driving these shifts and their potential consequences, researchers aim to contribute to the development of proactive and efficient strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on human health. This knowledge helps us understand how the world around us is evolving and empowers us to take action towards safeguarding our wellbeing. Combined efforts from scientists, policymakers, and individuals like you can make a significant difference in tackling the challenges posed by climate change and its associated risks to public health.

12: GWAS reveals links between eye health and heart health

Read the original paper: GWAS on retinal vasculometry phenotypes

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Genetics

Authors: Xiaofan Jiang, Pirro G. Hysi, Anthony P. Khawaja, Omar A. Mahroo, Zihe Xu

Published: February 9th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010583

The eyes are not just the windows to the soul, but also to our overall health. Recent research conducted by a team of scientists delved into the intricate network of blood vessels within the eye, known as the retinal vasculature, and its connection to our cardiovascular system. By analysing the genetic makeup of individuals and their retinal vasculature, the researchers uncovered fascinating findings that shed light on the physiology of both our eyes and our hearts.

Through the use of sophisticated imaging techniques, the scientists examined various aspects of the retinal blood vessels, such as their shape, twists, and width. This exploration led to 119 regions of our genetic code being identified as potentially linked to these vascular characteristics. Among these regions, the strongest association was found with a specific genetic variant, known as rs35131825, which demonstrated a remarkable connection to arteriolar tortuosity.

Beyond these genetic revelations, the researchers made a groundbreaking discovery regarding the interactions between arteriolar tortuosity and our blood pressure. Their analyses revealed a causal relationship, indicating that specific factors contributing to the twists and turns of our retinal arterioles actually influence our diastolic blood pressure. This finding is significant because it challenges the conventional wisdom that high blood pressure causes changes in blood vessel structure. Instead, it suggests that our retinal arterioles play an active role in regulating our cardiovascular health.

By unravelling these intricate connections between our eyes and our hearts, the researchers have opened up new avenues for understanding and potentially managing our overall health. These findings present a compelling case for further exploration and research into retinal vasculature, offering the potential to develop novel strategies for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular conditions.

In summary, our eyes offer more than just vision, they provide valuable insights into the inner workings of our bodies. This research brings us one step closer to fully understanding the remarkable interconnectedness of our physiological systems and highlights the importance of prioritising eye health as an indicator of our overall well-being.

13: First Mass Die-Off of Marine Mammals in South America Linked to Deadly Bird Flu

Read the original paper: First Mass Mortality of Marine Mammals Caused by Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus (H5N1) in South America

Publisher / Publication: bioRxiv

Authors: Victor Gamarra-Toledo, Pablo Plaza, Giancarlo Inga, Roberto Gutierrez, Oscar Garcia-Tello

Published: February 10th, 2023

DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527769

In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers have uncovered the alarming truth behind the first ever massive extinction event among marine mammals in South America. It appears that highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1), notorious for its deadly impact on birds, is to blame for this unfortunate incident. 

The unexpected arrival of this lethal virus has had a devastating effect on Peru's sea lions, leading to a global concern for the well-being of marine life. The researchers believe that the virus may have found its way to the sea lions through close contact with infected wild birds. Although not completely ruling it out, they have yet to confirm direct transmission among the sea lion population.

This discovery highlights the critical interconnections between different species in our natural world, demonstrating how pathogens can travel across various animal groups. It serves as a poignant reminder of the delicate balance we must strive to maintain in order to protect our ecosystem.

Understanding the transmission pathways of diseases is crucial in preventing further outbreaks and safeguarding the health of both human and animal populations. This investigation into the H5N1 virus sheds light on the intricate ways in which diseases can spread across species boundaries, serving as a wake-up call for heightened surveillance and preventive measures.

By delving into the heartbreaking consequences of this mass mortality event, researchers aim to raise awareness among policymakers, environmentalists, and individuals alike. It is an urgent call to action, urging us to take responsibility for the well-being of our marine mammal friends and the delicate ecological web in which they exist. This incident serves as a reminder that the threats facing our environment not only impact distant lands and exotic creatures but also have the potential to reach our shores.

As we grapple with the ramifications of the first-ever marine mammal extinction event caused by H5N1, we must collectively confront the reality of our shared vulnerability. Only through increased collaboration, research, and environmental stewardship can we hope to mitigate future outbreaks and preserve the biodiversity of our planet.

14: Are Infant Formula Claims Too Good to be True? A Global Survey Explores the Facts

Read the original paper: Health and nutrition claims for infant formula: international cross sectional survey

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Ka Yan Cheung, Loukia Petrou, Bartosz Helfer, Erika Porubayeva, Elena Dolgikh

Published: February 15th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-071075

Attention, college students! Have you ever wondered about the health and nutrition claims made by companies selling infant formula? Well, a group of researchers conducted a comprehensive international survey to uncover the truth. They explored websites from 15 different countries, looking at the claims made by both companies targeting the general public and those targeting healthcare professionals.

Here's what they found: a whopping 757 infant formula products, each with an average of two claims. The most common claims focused on brain and eye development, a healthy immune system, and overall growth and development. Interestingly, there were 41 different groups of ingredients linked to these claims, but many claims were made without specifying which ingredient was responsible. 

So, what evidence supports these claims? The researchers discovered that only 26% of the products provided a scientific reference to back up their assertions. Among the references cited, clinical trials and reviews were the most frequent. Alarmingly, a significant number of the referenced clinical trials were not registered, meaning their findings may not be reliable. Furthermore, analyses of these studies were often biased, casting doubt on the validity of the claims made.

In conclusion, the majority of infant formula products appear to make health and nutrition claims. However, many of these claims lack solid scientific evidence to support them. The researchers also noted that various ingredients were associated with similar effects, whilst some claims were repeated for the same ingredient type. This raises concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the claims being made.

As college students, it's important for us to question and critically evaluate the claims we encounter. The findings of this survey remind us to approach health and nutrition claims with caution, seeking reliable evidence before accepting them as fact. It's essential to stay informed and make well-informed choices, not only for ourselves but also for the health of infants and their families worldwide.

That’s it for this month.

Thanks for reading.

See you in April.

Claudia Brady.

Welcome to this month's edition of Briefly Science, your go-to newsletter for quick summaries of the latest academic research.

In this issue, we explore fascinating new findings on topics ranging from understanding primate behaviour to potential treatments for challenging health conditions.

Learn how apes reach altered mental states through spinning, and gain insights into the promise of psilocybin therapy for anorexia.

I also also look at research on heat-related deaths in Europe, the links between nitrites/nitrates and diabetes, and the impact of green spaces on urban wellbeing.

Let's dive in and uncover 15 compelling research stories.

Read time: approx. 13 minutes.

1: Great Apes: Discovering Altered Mental States through Spinning

Read the original paper: Great apes reach momentary altered mental states by spinning

Publisher / Publication: Springerlink

Authors: Adriano R. Lameira, Marcus Perlman

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01056-x

Humans have long been known for their ability to intentionally induce altered states of mind. However, the extent to which these practices have influenced the evolution of the human mind is still up for debate.

While humans often rely on psychoactive substances to achieve altered states, it remains uncertain whether our pre-human ancestors had access to similar methods.

Additionally, studying nonhuman great apes in captivity has proven challenging due to ethical reasons.

To overcome this roadblock, researchers turned to publicly available YouTube data and discovered that apes engage in rope spinning during solitary play.

Through this spinning activity, the apes achieved speeds that altered their perception of self and reality in a way comparable to transcendent experiences in humans, like Sufi whirling.

The researchers also found that the number of revolutions the apes spun correlated with behavioural signs of dizziness. Hence, spinning serves as a self-sufficient means for changing body-mind responsiveness in hominids.

This intriguing finding suggests a shared inclination for altered states of mind between humans and great apes, opening doors for further comparative research into the mechanisms, functions, and adaptive value of these states during human evolution.

By shedding light on the potential origins of our capacity for altered mental states, this research carries profound implications for our understanding of the human mind and its development over time.

2: An In-depth Look at the Cure for HIV-1 Through Stem Cell Transplantation

Read the full paper: In-depth virological and immunological characterization of HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Publisher / Publication: Nature Medicine

Authors: Björn-Erik Ole Jensen, Elena Knops, Leon Cords, Nadine Lübke, Maria Salgado

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02213-x

In recent years, there has been fascinating scientific progress in the quest for a cure for HIV-1, the virus responsible for AIDS. Two patients have already shown promising results after receiving a type of stem cell transplant called CCR5Δ32/Δ32 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This research paper delves into a detailed exploration of one such case, following a 53-year-old man who achieved long-term remission after this innovative treatment.

The patient had undergone the HSCT procedure to treat acute myeloid leukemia, a form of blood cancer. Over a period of 9 years, the researchers closely monitored him to understand the immunological and virological aspects of his cure. While small traces of HIV-1 DNA were occasionally detected in his T cell subsets and tissue samples, extensive testing indicated the absence of replication-competent virus.

Interestingly, the patient's immune system exhibited low levels of activation, and his HIV-1-specific immune responses declined over time, signalling a lack of ongoing viral antigen production.

After four years of ceasing antiretroviral therapy, the absence of viral rebound and the absence of any signs indicating the persistence of HIV-1 antigens provide strong evidence for a successful cure through CCR5Δ32/Δ32 HSCT.

Through this breakthrough research, we gain insight into the potential for stem cell transplantation as a cure for HIV-1.

The findings discovered here shed light on the complex interplay between the virus, the immune system, and innovative medical interventions. Understanding these mechanisms brings us one step closer to combatting this global health issue.

This case serves as a reminder of the importance of ongoing research and the search for innovative treatments.

The knowledge gained from this study may pave the way for advancements in treating not only HIV-1 but also other challenging diseases.

3: The Link Between Nitrites and Nitrates in Food and Water and Type 2 Diabetes Risk

Read the full paper: Dietary exposure to nitrites and nitrates in association with type 2 diabetes risk: Results from the NutriNet-Santé population-based cohort study

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Bernard Srour, Eloi Chazelas, Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo, Younes Esseddik, Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi

Published: January 17th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004149

Do you know that nitrites and nitrates, commonly found in water, soil, and certain foods, could be associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes?

In a recent large-scale study, researchers examined the potential effects of these compounds on diabetes development.

Nitrites and nitrates can occur naturally in the environment but are also used as additives in processed meats to extend their shelf life and prevent bacterial growth.

While previous experiments have shown mixed results, there is a lack of solid evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies.

To fill this gap, the researchers analysed data from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study in France involving over 100,000 adults.

The study participants reported their nitrite and nitrate intake through dietary records, which were then compared to a comprehensive food composition database.

The researchers took into account various factors that could contribute to type 2 diabetes, such as age, lifestyle, medical history, and nutrition.

Over a median follow-up period of 7.3 years, the study identified 969 new cases of type 2 diabetes.

The results revealed that both total nitrite intake and nitrites from food and water were associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Specifically, individuals with higher consumption of nitrites from food additives, especially sodium nitrite, faced a higher risk compared to those with lower or no intake.

This research highlights the potential harmful effects of nitrites and nitrates on type 2 diabetes risk. However, it is essential to note that the study focused on associations and does not prove causation.

Further investigation is necessary to better understand the precise mechanisms and potential interactions with other risk factors.

These findings have broader implications for public health and dietary guidelines.

While nitrites and nitrates play a role in preserving processed meats, it is crucial to balance potential benefits against the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Raising awareness about these connections can empower individuals to make informed choices about their dietary habits and potentially reduce their diabetes risk.

In conclusion, this study sheds light on the relationship between dietary exposure to nitrites and nitrates and the risk of type 2 diabetes. It emphasises the importance of considering the sources of these compounds, such as food additives, and raises important questions about their impact on public health.

Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to guide recommendations for healthy eating habits.

4: Site-specific Encoding of Light-responsive Functions into Antibody Fragments

Read the full paper: Site-specific encoding of photoactivity and photoreactivity into antibody fragments

Publisher / Publication: Nature Chemical Biology

Authors: Thomas Bridge, Udo Wegmann, Jason C. Crack, Kate Orman, Saher A. Shaikh

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01251-9

Have you ever wondered how scientists are able to design biomolecules that can carry out multiple functions when exposed to light?

Well, a group of researchers recently tackled this challenging task.

They focused on an antibody fragment called 7D12, which targets a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The researchers successfully incorporated two light-responsive properties into 7D12: photoactivity and photoreactivity.

To achieve this, the scientists strategically introduced two different light-responsive molecules, photocaged tyrosine (pcY) and p-benzoyl-Ê-phenylalanine (Bpa), into 7D12.

By incorporating Bpa at a specific location in 7D12, they ensured that it did not affect the antibody fragment's affinity for EGFR under normal conditions. However, when exposed to 365-nm light, this modified 7D12 formed a covalent bond with EGFR, but only in an antigen-specific manner.

To further enhance the light-responsiveness of 7D12, the researchers developed a method to incorporate both pcY and Bpa at two different locations within the antibody fragment. They discovered that in the absence of light, this modified 7D12 did not bind to EGFR. However, once irradiated with 365-nm light, it exhibited two crucial functions: specific binding to EGFR and the formation of a covalent bond with the protein.

In addition to their experimental success, the researchers also devised a general method for incorporating nonnatural light-responsive molecules into proteins produced in live cells.

This breakthrough paves the way for engineering antibody fragments that are both responsive to light and capable of carrying out specific functions.

Overall, this study provides valuable insights into how scientists can design biomolecules that respond to light, opening up new possibilities for various applications.

Understanding and manipulating light-responsive properties in proteins can have profound implications in fields such as medicine and biotechnology, offering exciting opportunities for targeted therapies and advanced research tools.

5: A Non-Invasive Test for Unraveling a Common Cause of High Blood Pressure

Read the full paper: [ 11 C]metomidate PET-CT versus adrenal vein sampling for diagnosing surgically curable primary aldosteronism: a prospective, within-patient trial

Publisher / Publication: Nature Chemical Biology

Authors: Xilin Wu, Russell Senanayake, Emily Goodchild, Waiel A. Bashari, Jackie Salsbury

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02114-5

Did you know that a type of high blood pressure called primary aldosteronism (PA) can be cured or dramatically improved through surgery?

Surprisingly, less than 1% of patients with PA are offered this opportunity due to the invasive nature of the standard pre-surgical investigation.

To improve this situation, a group of researchers conducted a study comparing a non-invasive test called [11C]metomidate positron emission tomography computed tomography (MTO) scanning with the current method called adrenal vein sampling (AVS).

The study involved 143 patients with PA, and its main goal was to determine which test could better predict the success of surgery in treating PA and resolving hypertension.

Out of the 128 patients who reached the 6- to 9-month follow-up, 61% had surgery and 39% were managed medically. Remarkably, 77 out of 78 patients who underwent surgery achieved the desired surgical outcome for PA.

Now, let's get to the results. The accuracy of MTO in predicting the biochemical and clinical success after the surgery was 72.7% and 65.4%, respectively.

On the other hand, AVS showed accuracies of 63.6% and 61.5% for the same criteria.

Although MTO did not prove to be significantly better, the differences fell within the predetermined margin for non-inferiority, meaning it was still a viable alternative to AVS.

Safety is always a concern in medical procedures, but rest assured, out of 24 serious adverse events during the study, none were related to either MTO or AVS, and 22 were completely resolved.

The researchers concluded that MTO provides a non-invasive way to diagnose unilateral PA, bringing hope for a less invasive and more accessible solution for patients suffering from this condition.

Understanding the causes and treatments of high blood pressure is crucial, especially since it affects so many people.

This research brings us one step closer to improving the lives of those with primary aldosteronism, offering a potential game-changer in the medical field.

Let's hope that further studies and advancements continue to pave the way for better diagnostic methods and treatments.

6: Title: Why Does Skin Cancer Incidence Differ Between Singapore and the UK?

Read the full paper: Somatic mutations in facial skin from countries of contrasting skin cancer risk

Publisher / Publication: Nature Genetics

Authors: Charlotte King, Joanna C. Fowler, Irina Abnizova, Roshan K. Sood, Michael W. J. Hall

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01468-x

Skin cancer, specifically keratinocyte cancer, is much less common in Singapore than in the UK, despite Singapore receiving higher levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

To investigate this disparity, researchers compared the mutational landscape of aging facial skin between the two countries.

The study found that aging facial skin from the UK had a significantly higher mutational burden compared to Singapore. Moreover, the mutational patterns in the UK were indicative of UV radiation damage, while Singaporean skin exhibited mutations resulting from intrinsic biological processes.

These findings were consistent with the characteristics of keratinocyte cancers observed in both high-incidence and low-incidence populations.

The research indicated that aging skin in countries with higher skin cancer rates displayed features similar to cancerous tissue, which were absent in low-risk countries.

The discrepancies in skin cancer incidence may be attributed to variations in genetic factors that confer UV protection.

In practical terms, this research highlights the underlying reasons for the differing rates of skin cancer between Singapore and the UK.

The study suggests that the distinct mutational spectra and patterns of selection in ageing facial skin contribute to the discrepancy in cancer occurrence. By shedding light on the mutational landscape of skin, this study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms by which skin cancer develops and diverges in different populations.

Understanding the factors that influence skin cancer risk is crucial in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. By unraveling the genetic aspects related to cancer incidence, researchers can contribute to the improvement of public health policies and educational initiatives targeting skin cancer prevention.

Ultimately, this research provides a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between genetic factors and skin cancer risk, paving the way for personalized approaches to skin cancer prevention and treatment.

7: Closing the Loop: How Automated Insulin Delivery is Changing the Game for Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Read the full paper: Fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery in adults with type 2 diabetes: an open-label, single-center, randomized crossover trial

Publisher / Publication: Nature Medicine

Authors: Aideen B. Daly, Charlotte K. Boughton, Munachiso Nwokolo, Sara Hartnell, Malgorzata E. Wilinska

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02144-z

Living with type 2 diabetes can be a constant struggle, but recent research is shedding light on a groundbreaking development that may bring new hope to millions of individuals.

A team of dedicated researchers conducted a study to explore the potential benefits of a fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery system for adults with type 2 diabetes.

This innovative approach eliminates the need for manual meal bolusing, simplifying daily life and potentially improving glucose control.

The study involved 26 adults with type 2 diabetes, carefully selected to represent a diverse population.

They underwent two consecutive 8-week periods, comparing the effects of the CamAPS HX fully closed-loop app with standard insulin therapy and a masked glucose sensor. Each participant experienced both treatment methods, with a washout period in between.

The researchers focused on the primary goal of evaluating the proportion of time individuals spent within the target glucose range of 3.9 to 10.0 mmol l−1.

The results were striking.

Participants using the closed-loop system spent an impressive 66.3% of their time within the desired range, compared to just 32.3% in the control group. This substantial mean difference of 35.3 percentage points points to the clear potential of automated insulin delivery.

However, it is also essential to consider the other end of the spectrum. Participants in the closed-loop group experienced a lower proportion of time with high glucose levels (above 10.0 mmol l−1), showcasing the system's ability to prevent dangerous spikes.

In contrast, the control group had a significantly higher percentage (67.0%) of time spent above the target range.

This difference of −35.2 percentage points sheds light on the potential for improved glucose management through automated insulin delivery.

These findings have substantial implications for individuals living with type 2 diabetes, as well as healthcare professionals and researchers working towards improved treatment options.

Although further research is needed to validate and refine these results, the promise of fully automated closed-loop insulin delivery is undeniable. By simplifying daily management and offering the potential for better glucose control, this innovation may transform the lives of countless individuals battling type 2 diabetes.

8: Understanding the Shared Neural Causes of Multiple Mental Health Disorders

Read the full paper: A shared neural basis underlying psychiatric comorbidity

Publisher / Publication: Nature Medicine

Authors: Chao Xie, Shitong Xiang, Chun Shen, Xuerui Peng, Jujiao Kang

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02317-4

Have you ever wondered why some people experience different mental health issues at the same time?

A group of researchers has been investigating this phenomenon and they have made some interesting discoveries.

They believe that there might be a common factor in the brain that underlies the presence of multiple psychiatric disorders.

In their study, the researchers used advanced brain scanning techniques to analyse the brains of a large group of individuals from their teenage years to early adulthood.

They found evidence suggesting that this common factor in the brain is related to a delay in the development of a specific part called the prefrontal cortex.

This delay seems to have a genetic basis and is responsible for causing difficulties in executive functions, which are important cognitive processes like decision-making and self-control.

The researchers also found that this common factor in the brain was consistent across different age groups, from preadolescence to early adulthood. Moreover, they discovered that it could be observed even when the individuals were not performing any specific tasks, highlighting its relevance during resting periods.

They confirmed their findings by studying two different clinical samples of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and by comparing their results with other large-scale projects.

By pinpointing this shared neural basis, the researchers hope to pave the way for developing new treatments and interventions for individuals dealing with multiple mental health disorders.

This study brings together various pieces of evidence from behavioral observations, brain imaging, and genetic studies to provide a clearer picture of the underlying causes of psychiatric comorbidity.

So next time you come across someone who might be juggling multiple mental health issues, remember that there could be a common neural basis behind their struggles.

Understanding this shared factor brings us closer to finding effective ways to support and treat individuals dealing with complex mental health challenges.

9: Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cognitive Health in Women at Risk of Alzheimer's Disease

Read the full paper: Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: results from the European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (EPAD) cohort

Publisher / Publication: Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

Authors: Rasha N. M. Saleh, Michael Hornberger, Craig W. Ritchie, Anne Marie Minihane

Published: January 9th, 2023

DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01121-5

Did you know that women are at a higher risk of developing dementia compared to men?

One reason behind this gender difference is the decline of estrogen during menopause, which accelerates brain changes that contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

However, the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to prevent cognitive decline has shown mixed results.

In this study, researchers investigated the effects of HRT on cognition and brain volumes in women with a specific genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (APOE4 genotype).

The researchers analysed data from a large cohort of participants and used various cognitive tests and brain imaging techniques to assess the impact of HRT.

They found that women with the APOE4 genotype who used HRT had better performance on tests measuring delayed memory compared to those who did not use HRT or did not have the APOE4 risk gene.

Additionally, the APOE4 HRT users had larger volumes in key brain regions associated with memory, the entorhinal and amygdala.

Interestingly, the researchers also found that starting HRT at an earlier age was associated with larger volumes in the hippocampus, another important brain region for memory, but only in women with the APOE4 genotype.

These findings suggest that HRT may have a positive effect on cognitive function and brain structure in women at risk of Alzheimer's disease, specifically those with the APOE4 genotype.

However, it is important to note that more research is needed to establish causality and confirm these results.

The researchers emphasize the need for a well-designed clinical trial that includes participants with different genetic backgrounds to further investigate the potential benefits of HRT in this high-risk population.

Understanding the impact of HRT on cognitive health is crucial, as it may provide a targeted strategy to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease in women who are genetically predisposed.

Continued research in this area has the potential to contribute to improved preventive measures and personalised interventions for brain health in at-risk populations.

10: Understanding the Factors Influencing Sperm Donor Recruitment: A Comparison of Denmark and the USA

Read the full paper: An analysis of the outcome of 11 712 men applying to be sperm donors in Denmark and the USA

Publisher / Publication: Oxford Academic

Authors: Allan A Pacey, Guido Pennings, Edgar Mocanu, Janne Rothmar, Anja Pinborg

Published: January 9th, 2023

DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac264

Have you ever wondered about the process of recruiting sperm donors and how it works in practice?

A recent research paper analysed the outcome of 11,712 men applying to be sperm donors in Denmark and the USA, shedding light on some interesting findings.

The study explored whether the country of recruitment or the initial identity-release choice of applicants had any influence on the outcome of donor recruitment.

The researchers discovered that more men were accepted as sperm donors in Denmark compared to the USA.

Additionally, they found that those who chose to release their identity to their donor offspring were more frequently accepted as donors than those who did not.

These findings highlight the importance of understanding the factors that impact donor recruitment.

Examining the anonymised records of all donor applicants, the researchers observed that only a small percentage (3.79%) of applicants were accepted as donors and had their samples frozen and released for use.

Interestingly, this acceptance rate was higher in Denmark (6.53%) than in the USA (1.03%).

Furthermore, donors who opted for ID release at the outset had a higher chance of being accepted (4.70%) compared to those who did not (3.15%).

Throughout the recruitment process, many potential donors were lost due to various reasons, such as withdrawal, failure to respond, or not meeting eligibility criteria. These losses accounted for over half of the candidates.

Health issues and screening test failures also contributed to losing potential donors. At each stage, there were significant differences between the countries and the initial identity choice of the donor.

The study also noted that some donors changed their ID release preferences during the recruitment process.

While there were no country differences in the frequency of this occurrence, it was more common for donors to shift from non-ID release to ID release. However, movements in both directions occurred in both countries.

Understanding the reasons behind the loss of potential donors can help develop more efficient recruitment pathways for interested donors and sperm banks. This could increase the number of donors recruited or reduce the financial burden on recipients of donor sperm.

Ultimately, the findings from this research contribute to the broader pursuit of supporting individuals and couples who require assisted reproductive treatments.

11: Why Humans Can Understand the Gestures of Great Apes: Insights from a Fascinating Study

Read the full paper: Towards a great ape dictionary: Inexperienced humans understand common nonhuman ape gestures

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Biology

Authors: Kirsty E. Graham, Catherine Hobaiter

Published: January 24th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001939

Have you ever wondered how humans and nonhuman apes communicate, especially through gestures?

This intriguing research delves into the similarities and differences between human and great ape communication.

We know that apes have an extensive repertoire of gestures that they use to convey their intentions and desires. Surprisingly, one species seems to be missing from this gesture-filled communication system: us humans.

This raises an interesting question: Where did the ape gestures go in human communication?

To explore this puzzle, researchers set out to investigate whether humans could still comprehend and recognise ape gestures.

They devised a clever online game in which over 5,000 people participated.

The game involved watching videos of chimpanzees and bonobos performing various gestures, and participants had to guess the meaning behind these actions.

The results revealed something fascinating: humans seem to have retained the ability to understand ape gestures, possibly due to our shared evolutionary history.

This understanding extends across different types of gestures and their respective meanings.

Interestingly, the researchers also discovered that knowing the context in which the gestures were performed only slightly improved humans' success in deciphering their meaning.

This suggests that our comprehension of ape gestures might be deeply rooted in our cognition, rather than reliant solely on the surrounding circumstances.

What makes this study truly remarkable is that, for the first time, researchers have revealed that adult humans can access a part of the great ape gestural repertoire.

This opens a window into the ancestral system of gestures that our ape relatives still utilise today.

It showcases a profound evolutionary continuity between their communication and our own.

By shedding light on our ability to understand and connect with the gestures of great apes, this research broadens our perspective on the complex world of nonhuman communication.

It emphasises the significance of our shared roots and highlights the remarkable similarities that exist between our own gestures and those of our ape cousins.

12: Psilocybin Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa: Exploring a Promising Treatment Option

Read the full paper: Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study

Publisher / Publication: Nature Medicine

Authors: Stephanie Knatz Peck, Samantha Shao, Tessa Gruen, Kevin Yang, Alexandra Babakanian

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02455-9

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a life-threatening illness that lacks effective treatments and approved medications.

This has pushed researchers to explore new approaches to improve outcomes for those suffering from this condition.

In a recent study, researchers investigated the use of psilocybin therapy as a potential solution.

Psilocybin, a compound found in certain mushrooms, was administered to 10 adult females who met the diagnostic criteria for AN or were in partial remission.

The main goal of this study was to assess the safety, tolerability, and feasibility of psilocybin therapy in combination with psychological support.

The researchers closely monitored any adverse events or clinically significant changes in the participants' electrocardiogram results, vital signs, laboratory tests, and suicidality indicators.

Encouragingly, no clinically significant changes were observed in the participants' electrocardiogram, vital signs, or suicidality. While two participants did experience asymptomatic hypoglycemia, this resolved within 24 hours, and no other major changes in laboratory values were noted. All reported adverse events were mild and temporary in nature.

Qualitative feedback from the participants revealed that the treatment was generally acceptable.

These findings provide promising insights into the safety, tolerability, and acceptance of psilocybin therapy for females with AN.

Considering the physical dangers and challenges of engagement with current treatment options, this research offers hope for improved outcomes and further investigation.

It is important to note that this study was a phase 1 feasibility study, and more research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects and potential benefits of psilocybin therapy for AN. Nonetheless, these initial results indicate a significant step forward in the search for innovative treatments for this debilitating illness.

13: Heat-related Deaths in Europe: A Wake-up Call for Action

Read the full paper: Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022

Publisher / Publication: Nature Medicine

Authors: Joan Ballester, Marcos Quijal-Zamorano, Raúl Fernando Méndez Turrubiates, Ferran Pegenaute, François R. Herrmann

Published: January 1st, 2023

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z

During the scorching summer of 2022, Europe experienced the hottest season ever recorded, resulting in a concerning number of excess deaths.

A team of researchers investigated the impact of extreme heat on mortality rates across the continent, shedding light on the urgent need for adaptation strategies and protective measures.

By analysing a comprehensive mortality database encompassing over 543 million people from 35 European countries, the researchers found a staggering estimate of 61,672 heat-related deaths between May 30th and September 4th, 2022. Italy, Spain, and Germany bore the heaviest burden, with the highest numbers of deaths attributed to summer heat.

With regards to mortality rates relative to the population, the study revealed that Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal faced the greatest challenges. Women appeared to be more vulnerable, accounting for 56% more heat-related deaths than men.

Among specific age groups, men between 0 and 64 years old and 65 and 79 years old experienced higher rates, while women aged 80 and above were particularly affected.

These findings emphasise the critical need to reevaluate and reinforce existing heat surveillance platforms, prevention plans, and long-term adaptation strategies.

The consequences of extreme heat extend beyond statistical figures, impacting communities and individuals in very tangible ways. The devastating loss of life that Europe experienced during the summer of 2022 serves as an urgent call to action, demanding the attention of policymakers, public health officials, and society as a whole.

It is imperative that we prioritise the implementation of measures to protect the most vulnerable populations from the detrimental effects of heatwaves.

This research underscores the significance of heat-related mortality as a pressing issue affecting our societies.

Let us not wait for tragedy to strike again before we take action.

Together, we can make a difference in safeguarding lives during extreme weather events.

14: The Impact of Nature Exposure on Mental and Physical Health in Urban Environments: Insights from Finland

Read the full paper: Cross-sectional associations of different types of nature exposure with psychotropic, antihypertensive and asthma medication

Publisher / Publication: British Medical Journal

Authors: Anu W Turunen, Jaana Halonen, Kalevi Korpela, Ann Ojala, Tytti Pasanen

Published: January 5th, 2023

DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108491

Can spending time in nature improve our mental and physical well-being?

A recent study conducted in Finland sought to answer this question by exploring the relationship between exposure to green and blue spaces and the use of psychotropic, antihypertensive, and asthma medications.

The researchers conducted a survey in the Helsinki Capital Region, gathering data from over 7,000 participants.

Contrary to popular belief, the researchers did not find a direct association between the amount of green and blue spaces surrounding people's homes and medication use.

However, an interesting discovery emerged - the frequency of visits to green spaces had a significant impact.

Those who visited green spaces three to four times a week or more had lower odds of using psychotropic, antihypertensive, and asthma medications.

It is important to note that this association was not affected by the view of green and blue spaces from home or the overall amount of green and blue spaces in the neighbourhood.

The researchers also considered factors such as health behaviour, air pollution, noise, and socioeconomic status in their analysis.

While the exact reasons behind this association are not yet understood, the findings highlight the potential benefits of spending time in nature on our mental and physical health.

The researchers speculate that engaging with green spaces may have positive effects on overall well-being, reducing the need for certain medications.

This research provides valuable insights into the role of nature exposure in urban environments, shedding light on a topic that is increasingly relevant in our modern lives.

As college students, many of us are familiar with the stresses of city living and the impacts it can have on our health. Taking the time to explore nearby green spaces may offer a simple yet effective way to promote our well-being.

It's important to remember, however, that these findings do not suggest that green spaces alone can replace medication or serve as a cure-all. Instead, they indicate that incorporating regular visits to nature into our routines may positively contribute to our mental and physical health.

So, next time you feel the weight of the world on your shoulders, consider taking a stroll in a nearby park. It might just be the nature-based therapy you didn't know you needed.

15: The Impact of Sugary Drinks on Childhood Obesity Rates in England

Read the full paper: Associations between trajectories of obesity prevalence in English primary school children and the UK soft drinks industry levy: An interrupted time series analysis of surveillance data

Publisher / Publication: PLOS Medicine

Authors: Nina T. Rogers, Steven Cummins, Hannah Forde, Catrin P. Jones, Oliver Mytton

Published: January 26th, 2023

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004160

Childhood obesity is a significant health concern in England, particularly in areas with higher levels of deprivation. One major contributing factor is the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), which are the primary source of added sugars in children's diets.

Previous research has shown a clear link between SSB consumption and obesity in children.

To address this issue, the UK implemented a two-tier soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) in 2018 to encourage the reformulation of SSBs.

In this study, the researchers analysed surveillance data to examine the impact of the SDIL on childhood obesity rates.

The data included measurements of over 1 million children aged 4 to 5 years and 10 to 11 years from English primary schools.

Using interrupted time series analysis, the researchers compared obesity prevalence before and after the implementation of the SDIL, taking into account temporal variations.

The findings revealed some interesting trends.

Among 10 to 11-year-old girls, there was a significant decrease in obesity prevalence after the implementation of the SDIL, particularly in the most deprived areas. However, there was no change in obesity rates among 10 to 11-year-old boys, except in the least deprived areas, where there was a slight increase.

In reception-aged children (4 to 5 years old), there were no significant changes in obesity prevalence for both boys and girls.

While these findings highlight the potential positive impact of the SDIL on childhood obesity rates, it's important to note that additional strategies beyond SSB taxation will be necessary to effectively reduce obesity prevalence, especially among older boys and younger children.

The researchers acknowledge the limitations of their study, including the use of school-based measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and potential confounding factors.

Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the associations between the UK SDIL and childhood obesity rates.

The findings suggest that the SDIL may have contributed to a decrease in obesity prevalence among certain groups, particularly girls in deprived areas.

Moving forward, it will be crucial to explore additional interventions to tackle this complex public health issue and to reduce obesity rates in all children.

That’s it for this month.

Thanks for reading.

See you in March.

Claudia Brady.